NFC TECHNOLOGY IN PUBLIC TRANSPORT

Public transport operators and authorities, financial service providers, telecommunications operators need to work together to combine their products on a single card. The most promising are smart cards and mobile ticketing. At present smart cards (making use of Radio Frequency Identification [RFID] technology) are still the most common form of e-ticketing. It is likely that, in the future, ticketing applications will evolve to be integrated into bank cards and/or Near Field Communication (NFC) enabled smartphones.


Introduction
Public transport operators and authorities, financial service providers, telecommunications operators need to work together to combine their products on a single card. The most promising are smart cards and mobile ticketing. At present smart cards (making use of Radio Frequency Identification [RFID] technology) are still the most common form of e-ticketing. It is likely that, in the future, ticketing applications will evolve to be integrated into bank cards and/or Near Field Communication (NFC) enabled smartphones.

NFC technology
The NFC technology is a wireless and contactless technology of transmission of radio data over short distances (max. 5 cm), enabling an easy and secure either-way communication. This technology is very similar to the RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology.
The use of this technology in practice would mean a significant change in the quality of passenger transport. It is possible to integrate payment or loyalty cards, IDs and driving licenses, electronic keys or travel documents into the NFC technology. The use of the NFC technology has many advantages which result from noncash payments and the new advantages include: • in case of the card expiry date it is not necessary to visit a bank institute to get a new card, • the NFC technology can also replace physical or virtual keys (car, home, log into the PC), • the NFC technology facilitates communication between all devices, which are currently widely used.
In order to use the passive NFC technology it is not necessary to own a mobile phone supporting this technology, it is enough to have the passive NFC chip (a so-called sticker), powered by the electromagnetic field of a payment terminal. Stickers take the form of a sticky label. In order to actively use the NFC technology, it is necessary to own a mobile phone, especially a smartphone that is equipped with an NFC chip. The most important brands of mobile phones supporting the NFC as of April 2015 include phone brands: • Samsung 28 mobile devices, • Sony 16 mobile devices, • Apple 14 mobile devices, • Nokia 13 mobile devices, • further brands include LG, Xiaomi, Huawei etc.
Technical data and parameters of the NFC: • the NFC technology has a reserved bandwidth and operates at a frequency of 13.56 MHz, • the data transfer rate is 106, 212 or 424 kbps, • the intended speed is 1 Mbps, • the NFC technology uses radio waves for transfer, • the transmission is Half-Duplex, • the NFC connects two modes -active and passive, • it uses its own Open Source protocol NFC.
The NFC technology has a wide range of applications, especially in mobile phones. In this case, via this technology the user can pay, buy tickets or exchange contacts with other devices supporting this technology [1, 2 and 3]. Table 1 shows the summary of different wireless technology comparative details.
technologies, such as GPS and/or Wi-Fi) and then choose from a list of local stations. The handset then transmits the station information over the mobile network to Deutsche Bahn's systems, which charges the journey to the passenger's postpaid account, which is settled once a month. Following an extensive pilot phase, Deutsche Bahn is now preparing to enable passengers to touch their Android and Symbian handset against an NFC tag to check-in and check-out of the transport system.

Transport for London
Transport for London is planning to gradually replace its proprietary Oyster electronic ticketing system with a system that simply charges a passenger's debit or credit card for each journey made. Such a system will eventually enable Transport for London to reduce the cost of fare collection, as passengers will no longer need to purchase a dedicated plastic card and load money onto that card. Instead of tapping their Oyster card against a reader, the passenger will be able to tap a contactless debit or credit card compatible with the EMV standard. If a debit or credit card is stored in the passenger's NFC handset, then they will be able to use their phone in the same way.
Transport for London is developing software that will register each time the passenger taps in and out of the system. At the end of the day, the software will tally up the journeys made and charge the passenger's payment card via the existing EMV system. The passenger's daily expenditure will be capped to ensure that they aren't charged more than the cost of a day travelcard.
Transport for London is talking to the UK's mobile operators about enabling their wallets to track the passenger's spending on travel in London in real time. That would enable the passengers to

Mobile NFC in transport today
The usage of mobile NFC transport-related services depends on consumers having NFC handsets that are compatible with the ISO/IEC 14443 standard that forms the basis for contactless infrastructure in the transport industry. These handsets should be certified to ensure that they comply with the full NFC specification, but industry-wide certification mechanisms don't yet exist. The availability of NFC handsets is now growing quickly. By 2015, 50% of the smartphones shipped will support NFC, according to one leading semiconductor vendor. By then, the vast majority of handsets sold in Europe will likely be smartphones.
Mobile NFC services have already been deployed commercially in several countries, such as Japan, South Korea, France and Turkey.

Preparations for rollout in European Union countries
Several of Europe's transport operators are adapting their existing electronic ticket systems to support NFC handsets. In this section, we outline some examples [5]:

Deutsche Bahn
Deutsche Bahn, Germany's main train operator, is preparing to expand its NFC support for the Touch&Travel system. Touch&Travel is designed to collect fares automatically by enabling passengers to check in and out of the public transport system using touchpoints. Today, the passenger checks in and out by entering the touchpoint ID number into the Touch&Travel app on their handset or scanning a 2D barcode. Alternatively, a customer can ask the app to find their location (using Summary of the comparative details [4] Table 1 the range of the use of payment cards. In the public transport cash payments and noncash payments are currently used only if purchasing tickets over the internet or payments with payment cards when purchasing tickets at the ticket office. The following Table 2  After explaining what the NFC technology means, the respondents were asked whether they would use this technology when buying a ticket. Most respondents answered positively (37.09%), "do not know" said 25% of respondents, and certainly not 35.91%. Respondents who answered "no" explained that the reason was their concern particularly in case their mobile phone would be stolen and they were also worried about what to do in case the phone would turn off because of a discharged battery. see how much they have spent during the day, rather than waiting for the settlement to take place at the end of the day.
Transport for London intends to also introduce its own TfL card for people who don't have an EMV card or would prefer to use a prepaid system, in which case they buy credit up front, to control their spending. Again a passenger could store a virtual version of this card in an NFC handset.

Barcelona ATM, Spain
Barcelona ATM is the governing body for integrated fare collection covering the metro system, railways, tram systems, buses, and other forms of public transport within Barcelona and the 250 towns in the surrounding area. The agency provides the system for approximately 74 transport operators in the Barcelona metropolitan region, which covers 3,240 square kilometers and serves more than five million residents. More than 70% of the journeys made by customers are with integrated tickets.
ATM is now deploying a full NFC-contactless solution for ticketing, based on open standards and ISO-CEN compliant, which is intended to be a significant step towards the deployment of contactless services across the rest of Catalonia, as well as interoperability with transport systems in other regions. ATM is also building on the momentum of Barcelona City Council's TAP@GO project, which is enabling NFC-payments and municipal services within the city.

Development of the number of payment cards in Slovakia
Currently, payment cards have become a modern means of payment. It is a comfortable and safe tool for noncash bank transfers of financial resources. A payment card allows its holder to pay for goods in shops, restaurants, hotels, petrol stations or on the internet. Public transport is one possibility to widen must be clearly identified despite not having a physical card with a photograph. Transactions in general by lists -contactless cards are processed remotely by lists of cards that are sent to the devices and when they locate them, they act. With NFC technology, this may be done immediately. For example, if the user has 3 additional trips due to an incident, this balance may be increased remotely at any time. Remote Charging -the ticket may be recharged remotely and in real time, without the need to have to wait to pass a top-up or

Cycle product -NFC in mobile phone
This chapter describes the processes in which a transport card is involved when it is in an NFC mobile phone. The purpose is to give a view of the card life cycle and the implications involved for successfully achieving the implementation of the NFC mobile phone in public transport.

Differences when the card is in the NFC Mobile Phone
When a transport card is placed in a mobile phone, some important differences occur that need to be pointed out for a better understanding of its implementation implications in public transport. · The transport card becomes "virtualized" inside the mobile phone's secure element (SE), therefore ceasing to exist as a physical card or physical chip. · The transport ticket is also "virtualized" inside the card, but this in fact is nothing new as it is already happening in current transport cards. · The SE is a support that will be able to hold other transport cards or other types such as bank cards, as well as other services, communications etc., which means that it can no longer be owned by the transport company. · Since the card will be located inside the mobile phone, it may be accessed remotely at any time communication is activated. · The mobile phone environment, and more with the NFC environment, makes it possible to make payment transactions from the mobile phone, which leads the way to card top-ups without having to go to a top-up point. · As NFC technology is currently an emerging technology and has many requirements associated, it cannot always be guaranteed that the card will be downloadable to all mobile phone models in the market, meaning that the user will always have a choice during card request process on the mobile phone. · The contactless card has certain limitations, among them its interaction capacity: we can only obtain information on the card if we hold it near a terminal that powers it and is able to authenticate and obtain the corresponding information. NFC makes it possible to remove this obstacle, since mobile phones today have large screens, connectivity and processing capability [7].

Ticket life cycle
The ticket life cycle diagram is complex. By way of example, a typical diagram is included to show it in Fig. 1.
Identity control in the case of personalized tickets -if the ticket requires the user to have specific characteristics. The user important. NFC applications can integrate several independent services and hold the promise of freeing single operators from the need to set up a cost-intensive infrastructure of check-in/check-out devices. Instead, the users -with their mobile phones or with their contactless bank cards -provide a large portion of the necessary infrastructure. Modern contactless (be-in/be-out) technologies in public transport, for example, do not even require the passenger to actively register at the ticket gate. Instead, a tag at each station or in each vehicle automatically detects and registers new passengers when they enter, during the trip and at the end to automatically calculate the most favorable fare. However, experts agree that customers want to have a choice among different payment options and that phone-based applications will not appeal to everyone. Therefore, different payment options should remain available. At present and in the medium term, smart cards offer an attractive medium to connect payment options in public transport with additional services -however, they require operators for larger investments in access control infrastructures. In either case, a change in the ticketing environment must be accompanied by a communication strategy explaining the change in detail, and emphasizing its benefits for all actors that are involved in the process [10 and 11].

Acknowledgment
This article was created to support the project named as: E!7619 TABLOG -Use of mobile devices such as tablets&smartphones for data collection, data processing & operational process management.
validation point which has been reached by a list of cards that have made a top-up purchase on the web site [7].
The following diagram (Fig. 2) shows An Exploration of the NFC-related elements on mobile handsets.

Possibilities of NFC structural simulation
Near field communication (NFC) technology is attracting a lot of interest for mobile payment and ticketing applications. Behind the simple "swipe and go" operation is a complex system spanning many different standards and presenting challenges from the RF interface to the digital processing. Broadcom is currently developing chips to provide NFC solutions for handset manufacturers, and MATLAB and Simulink are an important part of both the system modelling and, through HDL Coder, generation of the actual digital hardware [9].
The internal structure of the NFC technology is shown in Fig.  3. This NFC model uses only a standard ASK modulation scheme and includes also an AGC support.

Conclusion
Most experts agree that NFC is the smart technology of the future and that phone-based applications will become increasingly