Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2026, 28(2):C47-C56 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2026.028

External Monitoring System for Battery Condition and State of Health of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Milan Havelka ORCID...1, Matś¹ Nečas ORCID...2, Du¹an Maga ORCID...3, Juraj Duļįk ORCID...1, 2, *
1 Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava, Institute of Applied Informatics, Automation and Mechatronics, Trnava, Slovak Republic
2 University of Zilina, Research Centre, Zilina, Slovak Republic
3 Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Electrical Engineering CTU in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

Lithium-ion batteries power light electric vehicles such as electric bicycles, but end users typically lack reliable information about true battery health and instead rely on misleading indicators of remaining charge. In this paper is introduced a novel external plug-and-play diagnostic module that connects between the standard charger and a battery of a light electric vehicle. The system uses a precise discrete-time energy integration method during standard charging. It captures dynamic current fluctuations and estimates battery health from the partial charging data. Experimental validation on multiple battery packs demonstrates that the proposed algorithm reliably distinguishes between healthy and degraded batteries. This non-invasive system adds diagnostics to conventional charging, enabling users to assess actual capacity without full discharge cycles.

Keywords: capacity fade, condition monitoring, energy integration, light electric vehicles, ithium-ion batteries, state of health
Grants and funding:

This work was supported by KEGA through the Teaching and development of methodology for the use of microcontrollers in automation using practical examples and laboratory exercises for engineering students under Grant 024STU-4/2024.

Conflicts of interest:

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper.

Received: March 2, 2026; Accepted: March 28, 2026; Prepublished online: April 22, 2026; Published: April 24, 2026  Show citation

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Havelka, M., Nečas, M., Maga, D., & Duļįk, J. (2026). External Monitoring System for Battery Condition and State of Health of Lithium-Ion Batteries. Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina, 28(2), C47-56. doi: 10.26552/com.C.2026.028
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