Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2026, 28(2):F18-F30 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2026.029

Integrating Resilience Indicators into Virtual Operations Support Team for Road Critical Infrastructure in Crisis Management

Ondřej Ryška ORCID...*, Patricie Gamonová
VSB - TUO, Faculty of Safety Engineering, Department of Civil Protection, Ostrava-Vyskovice, Czech Republic

Increasing disaster frequency intensifies the need for rapid, location-specific information in crisis management. A Virtual Operations Support Team (VOST) can enhance situational awareness by verifying open-source data, but these outputs are rarely transformed into resilience indicators. In this paper is presented a framework that maps verified VOST outputs and metadata to indicators for road critical infrastructure resilience and links them to the crisis decision cycle. A preliminary test on media data (1 Aug-31 Dec 2024; n = 2,045) confirmed a stable baseline and clear peaks usable for management-defined thresholds and trigger actions. The framework also outlines governance, supplier interfaces, and GIS-based operationalization of Exposure, Condition, Accessibility, and Consequence.

Keywords: scenario modelling, VOST, road infrastructure, resilience, indicators
Grants and funding:

This research was supported by the VSB - Technical University of Ostrava under projects SP2026/006 and CL03000017.

Conflicts of interest:

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Received: February 19, 2026; Accepted: March 27, 2026; Published: April 24, 2026  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Ryška, O., & Gamonová, P. (2026). Integrating Resilience Indicators into Virtual Operations Support Team for Road Critical Infrastructure in Crisis Management. Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina28(2), F18-30. doi: 10.26552/com.C.2026.029
Download citation

References

  1. IPCC, 2013. Climate change 2013 - the physical science basis: working group I contribution to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. STOCKER, T. F., QIN, D., PLATTNER, G.-K., TIGNOR, M., ALLEN, S. K., BOSCHUNG, J., NAUELS, A., XIA, Y., BEX, V., MIDGLEY, P. M. (Eds.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. ISBN 978-1-107-05799-1, p. 1-30.
  2. FATHI, R., THOM, D., KOCH, S., ERTL, T., FIEDRICH, F. VOST: a case study in voluntary digital participation for collaborative emergency management. Information Processing and Management [online]. 2020, 57(4), 102174. ISSN 0306-4573, eISSN 1873-5371. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2019.102174 Go to original source...
  3. DEMERTZIS, K., ILIADIS, L. S., TZIRITAS, N., KIKIRAS, P. Anomaly detection via blockchained deep learning smart contracts in industry 4.0. Neural Computing and Applications [online]. 2020, 32(23), p. 17361-17378. ISSN 0941-0643, eISSN 1433-3058. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-020-05189-8 Go to original source...
  4. OSEI-KYEI, R., ALMEIDA, L. M., AMPRATWUM, G., TAM, V. Systematic review of critical infrastructure resilience indicators. Construction Innovation: Information, Process, Management [online]. 2023, 23(5), p. 1210-1231. ISSN 1471-4175, eISSN 1477-0857. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1108/CI-03-2021-0047 Go to original source...
  5. ALIZADEH, H., SHARIFI, A. Assessing resilience of urban critical infrastructure networks: a case study of Ahvaz, Iran. Sustainability [online]. 2020, 12(9), 3691. eISSN 2071-1050. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093691 Go to original source...
  6. JOVANOVIC, A., KLIMEK, P., RENN, O., SCHNEIDER, R., OIEN, K., BROWN, J., DIGENNARO, M., LIU, Y., PFAU, V., JELIC, M., ROSEN, T., CAILLARD, B., CHAKRAVARTY, S., CHHANTYAL, P. Assessing resilience of healthcare infrastructure exposed to COVID-19: emerging risks, resilience indicators, interdependencies and international standards. Environment Systems and Decisions [online]. 2020, 40(2), p. 252-286. ISSN 2194-5403, eISSN 2194-5411. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-020-09779-8 Go to original source...
  7. JOVANOVIC, A., KLIMEK, P., CHOUDHARY, A., SCHMID, N., LINKOV, I., OIEN, K., VOLLMER, M., SANNE, J., ANDERSSON, S. L., SZEKELY, Z., MOLARIUS, R., KNAPE, T., BARZELAY, U., STANISIC, M., WALTHER, G., LIEBERZ, D. Analysis of existing assessment resilience approaches, indicators and data sources: usability and limitations of existing indicators for assessing, predicting and monitoring critical infrastructure resilience. Research project SmartResilience. Stuttgart, Germany: EU-VRi, 2016. p. 40-41.
  8. KRUPOVA, S., KOMAN, G., SOVIAR, J., HOLUBCIK, M. The role of business models in smart-city waste management: A framework for sustainable decision-making. Systems [online]. 2025, 13(7), 556. eISSN 2079-8954. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13070556 Go to original source...
  9. JANECKOVA, H., RYSKA, O. Smart city resilience. Chemical Engineering Transactions [online]. 2024, 111, p. 139-144. ISSN 2283-9216, ISBN 979-12-81206-11-3. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3303/CET24111024 Go to original source...
  10. LUDWIG, T., REUTER, C., SIEBIGTEROTH, T., PIPEK, V. CrowdMonitor: mobile crowd sensing for assessing physical and digital activities of citizens during emergencies. In: 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems CHI '15: proceedings [online]. ACM. 2015. ISBN 978-1-4503-3145-6, p. 4083-4092. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702265 Go to original source...
  11. REUTER, C., KAUFHOLD, M.-A. Fifteen years of social media in emergencies: a retrospective review and future directions for crisis informatics. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management [online]. 2018, 26(1), p. 41-57. ISSN 0966-0879, eISSN 1468-5973. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12196 Go to original source...
  12. FIEDRICH, F., FATHI, R. Humanitarian aid and concepts of digital relief. In: Safety-critical human-computer interaction: interactive technologies and social media in crisis and security management (in German) [online]. REUTER, CH. (Ed.). 1. ed. Wiesbaden: Springer Vieweg, 2018. ISBN 978-3-658-19523-6, p. 509-528. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-19523-6_25 Go to original source...
  13. REHAK, D., SPLICHALOVA, A., HROMADA, M., WALKER, N., JANECKOVA, H., RISTVEJ, J. Critical entities resilience failure indication. Safety Science [online]. 2024, 170, 106371. ISSN 0925-7535, eISSN 1879-1042. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2023.106371 Go to original source...
  14. RYSKA, O., JANECKOVA, H. Impact of parameters of critical road infrastructure on crisis management [online]. In: TRANSBALTICA XV: Transportation Science and Technology. TRANSBALTICA 2024. Lecture Notes in Intelligent Transportation and Infrastructure. PRENTKOVSKIS, O., YATSKIV (JACKIVA), I., SKACKAUSKAS, P., KARPENKO, M., STOSIAK, M. (Eds.). Cham: Springer, 2025. ISBN 978-3-031-85389-0, eISBN 978-3-031-85390-6, p. 579-588. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-85390-6_54 Go to original source...
  15. REHAK, D., SPLICHALOVA, A., JANECKOVA, H., OULEHLOVA, A., HROMADA, M., KONTOGEORGOS, M., RISTVEJ, J. Critical entities resilience assessment (CERA) to small-scale disasters. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction [online]. 2024b, 111, 104748. eISSN 2212-4209. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104748 Go to original source...
  16. IMRAN, M., CASTILLO, C., DIAZ, F., VIEWEG, S. Processing social media messages in mass emergencies. ACM Computing Surveys [online]. 2015, 47(4), p. 1-38. ISSN 0360-0300, eISSN 1557-7341. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1145/2771588 Go to original source...
  17. SVENTEKOVA, E., URBANCOVA, Z., HOLLA, K. Assessment of the vulnerability of selected key elements of rail transport. Slovak case study. Applied Sciences [online]. 2021, 11(13), 6174. eISSN 2076-3417. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/app11136174 Go to original source...
  18. LOVECEK, T., SVENTEKOVA, E., MARIS, L., REHAK, D. Determining the resilience of transport critical infrastructure element: use case. In: 21 st International Conference Transport Means 2017: proceedings. Vol. 21. 2017. p. 824-828.
  19. YUAN, F., LIU, R., MAO, L., LI, M. Internet of people enabled framework for evaluating performance loss and resilience of urban critical infrastructures. Safety Science [online]. 2021, 134, 105079. ISSN 0925-7535, eISSN 1879-1042. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.105079 Go to original source...
  20. REHAK, D., SPLICHALOVA, A., JANECKOVA, H., RYSKA, O., OULEHLOVA, A., MICHALCOVA, L., HROMADA, M., KONTOGEORGOS, M., RISTVEJ, J. Critical entities resilience strengthening tools to small-scale disasters. International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection [online]. 2025, 100, 766. ISSN 1874-5482, eISSN 2212-2087. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcip.2025.100766 Go to original source...
  21. SPLICHALOVA, A., PATRMAN, D., KOTALOVA, N., HROMADA, M. Managerial decision making in indicating a disruption of critical infrastructure element resilience. Administrative Sciences [online]. 2020, 10(3), 75. eISSN 2076-3387. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci10030075 Go to original source...
  22. PATRMAN, D., SPLICHALOVA, A., REHAK, D., ONDERKOVA, V. Factors influencing the performance of critical land transport infrastructure elements. Transportation Research Procedia [online]. 2019, 40, p. 1518-1524. ISSN 2352-1457, eISSN 2352-1465. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2019.07.210 Go to original source...
  23. KARAKOC, D. B., BARKER, K., ZOBEL, C. W., ALMOGHATHAWI, Y. Social vulnerability and equity perspectives on interdependent infrastructure network component importance. Sustainable Cities and Society [online]. 2020, 57, 102072. ISSN 2210-6707, eISSN 2210-6715. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102072 Go to original source...
  24. SETOLA, R., LUIJF, E., THEOCHARIDOU, M. Critical infrastructures, protection and resilience [online]. In: Managing the complexity of critical infrastructures. Studies in systems, decision and control. SETOLA, R., ROSATO, V., KYRIAKIDES, E., ROME, E. (Eds.). Vol. 90. Cham: Springer, 2016. ISBN 978-3-319-51042-2, eISBN 978-3-319-51043-9, p. 1-18. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51043-9_1 Go to original source...
  25. OIEN, K., BODSBERG, L., JOVANOVIC, A. S. Resilience assessment of smart critical infrastructures based on indicators. In: Safety and reliability - safe societies in a changing world [online]. HAUGEN, S., BARROS, A., GULIJK, C., KONGSVIK, T., VINNEM, J. E. (Eds.). 1. ed. London: CRC Press, 2018. eISBN 9781351174664, p. 1269-1277. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351174664 Go to original source...
  26. CINGEL, M., DRLICIAK, M., CELKO, J., ZABOVSKA, K. Modal split analysis by best-worst method and multinominal logit model. Transport Problems/Problemy Transportu [online]. 2023, 18(1), p. 55-65. ISSN 1896-0596, eISSN 2300-861X. Available from: https://doi.org/10.20858/tp.2023.18.1.05 Go to original source...
  27. FEKETE, A., RHYNER, J. Sustainable digital transformation of disaster risk - integrating new types of digital social vulnerability and interdependencies with critical infrastructure. Sustainability [online]. 2020, 12(22), 9324. eISSN 2071-1050. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229324 Go to original source...
  28. HOFMANN, M., GJERDE, O., KJOLLE, G. H., GRAMME, E., HERNES, J. G., FOOSNÆS, J. A. Developing indicators for monitoring vulnerability of power lines - case studies. In: 22nd International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution CIRED 2013: proceedings [online]. IET. 2013. 0577. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1049/cp.2013.0815 Go to original source...
  29. REHAK, D., PATRMAN, D., BRABCOVA, V., DVORAK, Z. Identifying critical elements of road infrastructure using cascading impact assessment. Transport [online]. 2020, 35(3), p. 300-314. ISSN 1648-4142, eISSN 1648-3480. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3846/transport.2020.12414 Go to original source...
  30. REHAK, D., NOVOTNY, P. Bases for modelling the impacts of the critical infrastructure failure. Chemical Engineering Transactions [online]. 2016, 53, p. 91-96. ISSN 2283-9216, ISBN 979-12-81206-11-3. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1653016 Go to original source...
  31. SLIVKOVA, S., REHAK, D., NESPOROVA, V., DOPATEROVA, M. Correlation of core areas determining the resilience of critical infrastructure. Procedia Engineering [online]. 2017, 192, p. 812-817. ISSN 1877-7058. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.06.140 Go to original source...

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.