Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina, 2021 (vol. 23), issue 2

Operation and Economics in Transport

The Northern Sea Route as a New Route for Maritime Transport between the Far East and Europe

Andrej Dávid, Andrea Galieriková, Jiří Tengler, Vlatka Stupalo

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(2):A74-A79 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.2.A74-A79

Asian countries such as China, Malaysia, India or Bangladesh belong to the largest producers of consumer goods in the world that is mainly transported by container vessels to other parts of the world. One of the busiest maritime trade route is the route between Europe and Asia. It leads through the North Pacific, Indian and the North Atlantic Oceans and their seas. There is also an alternative trade route that runs along the coast of the Russian Federation across the Arctic Ocean. On one hand the ice in this area is gradually declining due to global warming, on the other hand the duration of navigation times is being extended for several months of...

The Viscosity Effect on Velocity of a Macroscopic Vehicular Traffic Model

Erick Javier Lopez-Sanchez, Norma Yanet Sanchez-Torres, Patricia Eugenia Olivera Martinez

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(2):A80-A93 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.2.A80-A93

Traffic in Mexico City poses a serious problem of vehicle saturation that causes a decrease in speed and increased transport time in the streets that suffer mobility collapses. A macroscopic model of vehicular traffic is used to show the effect of viscosity on the vehicular variables (speed and vehicle density), applied to two avenues in Mexico City, is studied. The input parameters were calculated following the Greenberg model. As the original model presents numerical divergences, the two assumptions corresponding to conservation of the vehicle's mass and the viscous term are modified. The results suggest that the viscosity depends on time and that...

The Model of Container Feeder Line Organization Focused on the Nature and Parameters of External Container Flows

Oleksii Drozhzhyn, Yuliia Koskina

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(2):A94-A102 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.2.A94-A102

This article considers the trunk lines, connected with the feeder region as the external environment for the system - feeder lines (its subsystems are container flows, ports and container ships). Hub ports are considered to be the boundary of the system and the external environment. Thus, mathematical models were simulated for the two levels. At the first level, container flows are determined (based on statistical data), which enter and exit the hub. At the second level, the mathematical model allows to find for the feeder line: volumes of container flows, the total capacity of the ships which serves the cargo, and parts of the distribution of this...

COVID-19 Grounded Aircraft - Parking and Storing

Francisco Serrano, Antonín Kazda

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(2):A103-A115 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.2.A103-A115

Air transport industry is one the many sectors significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Travel restrictions and bans resulted in reduction in aircraft operation. Airlines have no option than to limit their services by grounding their fleet: as of April 2020, out of 22,000 passenger aircraft around the world, almost 14,400 were grounded [1]. Airport operators are trying to accommodate most of the grounded aircraft by utilizing their main operational space as aprons, taxiways and runways. The limited space at airports often means that aircraft have to be parked in non-standard positions, which may affect the airport daily operations. While planning...

Understanding Household's Travel Costs Budget Frontier in Banda Aceh, Indonesia

Sugiarto Sugiarto, Lulusi, Muhammad Isya, Fadhlullah Apriandy, Fuadh Ramadhan

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(2):A116-A124 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.2.A116-A124

This study aims to explore the constraints of the Travel Costs Budget Frontier (TCBF) before a full-charged fare is implemented for the bus system known as the "Trans Koetaradja" in the city of Banda Aceh, Indonesia. A stochastic frontier analysis was used to identify how people allocate their share of income for transportation in line with their mobility and socio-demographic characteristics. The findings showed the TCBF to be influenced by commuting trip activities, private mode usage, owning car and motorcycle and income limits. Barriers were observed to be restricting the low-medium income groups. Owning their own private modes within the low-medium...

Mechanical Engineering in Transport

Corrosion Behaviour of Preserved PEO Coating on AZ31 Magnesium Alloy

Filip Pastorek, Milan Štrbák, Daniel Kajánek, Martina Jacková, Jana Pastorková, Zuzana Florková

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(2):B76-B88 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.2.B76-B88

A surface treatment process, composed of plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) and sealing by temporary oil preservation system containing corrosion inhibitors, was performed on AZ31 magnesium alloy in order to improve its corrosion resistance in environments containing chlorides. Both atmospheric and immersion conditions were evaluated by electrochemical tests in 0.1M NaCl solution together with salt spray test according to STN EN ISO 9227 standard. The obtained results confirmed significant improvement of corrosion resistance reached by the PEO sealing in aggressive environments compared to the pure PEO coating on AZ31 surface. Hence, such a duplex...

Optimization of Ingredients upon Development of the Protective Polymeric Composite Coatings for the River and Sea Transport

Andriy Buketov, Serhii Yakushchenko, Abdellah Menou, Oleh Bezbakh, Roman Vrublevskyi, Yaroslava Kalba, Tetyana Cherniavska, Danylo Zhytnyk, Olha Danylyuk

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(2):B89-B96 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.2.B89-B96

It is proved that in order to increase the operational characteristics of parts of the river and sea transport, including their physical and mechanical properties, it is advisable to use the protective polymeric composite coatings.The effect of fillers on the flexural stresses of the developed epoxy composite was analyzed. The critical content of components was determined by the method of mathematical planning of the experiment: the synthesized powder mixture - 0.05 pts.wt., discrete fibers - 0.10 to 0.15 pts.wt. per 100 pts.wt. of epoxy oligomer ED-20. Introduction of such ingredients into the epoxy binder allows to increase the flexural stresses...

General Characteristics for Loading the Working Elements of Drilling and Milling Machines when Moving in the Clay Solution

Adil Kadyrov, Zhanara Zhunusbekova, Aleksandr Ganyukov, Irina Kadyrova, Aliya Kukesheva

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(2):B97-B105 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.2.B97-B105

The article is devoted to influence of the clay thixotropic solutions on the strength of resistance to movement of the earthmoving machines' working elements.The forces of resistance to the movement of a flat plate, a smooth cylinder and real working bodies in a clay solution for various modes of solution flow (bingamian, pseudo-laminar and turbulent) are established.Mathematical models of movement of the earthmoving machines working elements in clay solution are developed and investigated.Dynamics of the working element of an earthmoving machine movement in a clay solution is studied. Dependence of the feed force, torque and dynamic...

Possibilities of Energy Harvesting from the Suspension System of the Internal Combustion Engine in a Vehicle

Jacek Caban, Grzegorz Litak, Bartłomiej Ambrożkiewicz, Leszek Gardyński, Paweł Stączek, Piotr Wolszczak

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(2):B106-B116 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.2.B106-B116

The automotive industry faces huge challenge in environmental protection by reducing fossil fuels and energy consumption by developing various practical solutions in energy harvesting. The current analysis is related to the diesel engine power supply system in a passenger off-road vehicle for application of the piezoelectric energy harvesting system. Experimental tests were carried out for the three constant rotational speed values - 800, 1000 and 1500 rpm. The results pertained to operational and simulation tests of available power supply options from the engine suspension system in the vehicle, e.g. to power sensors supervising the engine's operation...

Fuzzy Logic Method for the Speed Estimation in All-Wheel Drive Electric Racing Vehicles

Angelo Bonfitto, Stefano Feraco, Marco Rossini, Francesco Carlomagno

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(2):B117-B129 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.2.B117-B129

This paper presents a method for the vehicle speed estimation with a Fuzzy Logic based algorithm. The algorithm acquires the measurements of the yaw rate, steering angle, wheel velocities and exploits a set of five Fuzzy Logics dedicated to different driving conditions. The technique estimates the speed exploiting a weighted average of the contributions provided by the longitudinal acceleration and the credibility assigned by the Fuzzy Logics to the measurements of the wheels' speed. The method is experimentally evaluated on an all-wheel drive electric racing vehicle and is valid for the front and rear wheel drive configurations. The experimental validation...

Assessment of Technical Condition of an Accumulator Common Rail Injector by Temperature of its Units

Ildar Gabitov, Andrei Negovora, Azamat Valiev, Vladimir Ilin, Danila Plotnikov, Mahmut Razyapov

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(2):B130-B138 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.2.B130-B138

Interpreting the Main Power Characteristics Choice of the Wheel Vehicles Guided Cushioning System

Bogdan Sokil, Oleg Lyashuk, Mariya Sokil, Yuriy Vovk, Volodymyr Dzyura, Victor Aulin, Roman Khoroshun

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(2):B139-B149 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.2.B139-B149

The method of investigation of the non-linear vibrations of the wheel vehicles with the guided cushioning system has been developed. It is based on the idea of the perturbation methods combined with the theory of special periodic Atebfunctions. All these made possible to obtain analytical relations, which describe the characteristic features of the cushioning area vibrations. These relations can be the basis for creation of the software product of the guided cushioning system with the purpose to minimize the dynamic loadings on the transported people and cargo and to increase the stability characteristics of the vehicle movement along the curvilinear...

Forming Comfortable Microclimate in the Bus Compartment via Determining the Heat Loss

Oleksandr Kravchenko, Ivan Hrabar, Juraj Gerlici, Serhii Chuiko, Kateryna Kravchenko

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(2):B150-B157 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.2.B150-B157

Methodology of the heat outcome from the bus compartment in terms of duration factor of cooling and heating capacity is introduced. Value of the air temperature change in the compartment was calculated. The balance method of the spent heat is used to assess the level of keeping a proper temperature environment in the bus saloon when a comfortable microclimate is created for passengers via the proper conditioning system functioning. Models of the heat transmission notions were used for calculation regarding different categories of the heat load creation. A developed numeric algorithm was introduced in the article as well as a program for modelling the...

Dynamics and Control of the Gyroscopic Head used for the Laser Illumination of a Ground Target from the Quadcopter Deck

Zbigniew Koruba, Izabela Krzysztofik

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(2):B158-B164 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.2.B158-B164

In the paper authors investigate dynamics of a controlled quadcopter in terms of the possibility of its use for detection, observation, tracking and laser illuminating of both stationary and moving ground targets in the conditions of impact of random and kinematic excitations. The drone is equipped with a scanning and tracking Gyroscopic Head (GH) coupled with a laser target indicator. The drone is affected by random disturbances in the form of wind gusts or explosions of missiles. Kinematic excitations, such as drone maneuvers and vibrations from engines, act on the GH. This paper focuses mainly on control and stabilization of the gyroscopic head...

Electrical Engineering in Transport

A Framework Coupling VISSIM and OMNeT++ to Simulate Future Intelligent Transportation Systems

Tibor Petrov, Ilya Finkelberg, Nina Zarkhin, Peter Počta, Ľuboš Buzna, Ayelet Gal-Tzur, Tatiana Kováčiková, Tomer Toledo, Milan Dado

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(2):C23-C29 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.2.C23-C29

With the spread of connected vehicles (CVs), a growth of novel information services exploiting data transmitted by CVs is expected. Wireless communication systems, in particular in vehicular applications, operate with a varying level of transmission reliability, which may affect the quality of V2X-data-driven intelligent transport systems (ITS). Therefore, the performance of ITS should be evaluated in a variety of conditions and the configuration of parameters should be fine-tuned in a safe testbed, using computer simulations. A simple framework is presented, which couples VISSIM traffic simulation and OMNeT++ communication networks simulation in real...

Models of the Computer Intellectualization Optimal Strategy of the Power Supply Fast-Flowing Technological Processes of the Railways Traction Substations

Aleksander Stasiuk, Valeriy Kuznetsov, Lidia Goncharova, Petro Hubskyi

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(2):C30-C36 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.2.C30-C36

Based on analysis of the problem of the power supply networks of railways innovative transformation, the direction of research is substantiated related to organization of the optimal strategy of computerized intellectualization of the power supply processes to the railways traction substations. The logical structure of a distributed computer environment developed in the form of graph, which adequately reflects the topology of the organization of the power supply system. A differential mathematical model of the computer architecture of the power supply control is proposed. An intelligent method for finding the optimal strategy for the intellectualization...

Energy Characteristics of the DC Distributed Power Supply Systems

Viktor Sychenko, Valeriy Kuznetsov, Artur Rojek, Petro Hubskyi, Yevhen Kosariev

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(2):C37-C43 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.2.C37-C43

Currently the circuit technology of the DC traction power supply system cannot provide the necessary requirements for introduction of high-speed traffic. Numbers of measures and tools have been developed to improve the traction lines that no longer meet current requirements. One of the most promising means for strengthening the traction DC lines is transition to the distributed power supply of the rolling stock. In this article, a comparative analysis was carried out of energy indicators of the classic centralized power system and distributed power systems with use of one aggregate traction substation and with use of the solar generators. That comparative...

Classification Accuracy Enhancement Based Machine Learning Models and Transform Analysis

Hanan A. R. Akkar, Wael A. H. Hadi, Ibraheem H. Al-Dosari, Saadi M. Saadi, Aseel Ismael Ali

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(2):C44-C53 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.2.C44-C53

The problem of leak detection in water pipeline network can be solved by utilizing a wireless sensor network based an intelligent algorithm. A new novel denoising process is proposed in this work. A comparison study is established to evaluate the novel denoising method using many performance indices. Hardyrectified thresholding with universal threshold selection rule shows the best obtained results among the utilized thresholding methods in the work with Enhanced signal to noise ratio (SNR) = 10.38 and normalized mean squared error (NMSE) = 0.1344. Machine learning methods are used to create models that simulate a pipeline leak detection system. A...

Mathematical Modelling of Oscillatory Processes in Transmission of Movement of an Electric Drive with Non-Linear Long Elastic Elements

Andriy Chaban, Tomasz Perzyński

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(2):C54-C64 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.2.C54-C64

Mathematical model of transmission of movement of an electric drive system that includes long elastic elements, including the non-linear relation between tensors of strength and deformation is presented in this article. Mentioned type of transmission is applied in the tasks related to special-purpose transport. A method that is based on integral modification of variational Hamilton-Ostrogradsky principle was applied for the presented model. Results of the computer simulation of oscillatory processes in transmission of movement of an electromechanical system are presented in the article.

Imitation Modeling of an Inter-Turn Short Circuit of an Asynchronous Motor Stator Winding for Diagnostics of Auxiliary Electric Drives of Transport Infrastructure

Sergey Goolak, Juraj Gerlici, Oleg Gubarevych, Tomáš Lack, Mikhail Pustovetov

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(2):C65-C74 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.2.C65-C74

A scientific approach to calculating the parameters and characteristics of an asynchronous motor in the inter-turn short circuit mode in one phase of the stator is proposed to create the foundations of a diagnostic complex for assessing the condition of asynchronous motors of the transport infrastructure. This approach consists of the fact that in the model with which the research is carried out, it is proposed to take into account changes in the mutual inductance of the motor when the AC impedance of one of the stator phases changes. Using a new approach to modeling processes occurring in an asynchronous motor during the inter-turn short circuit in...

Civil Engineering in Transport

Measurement and Analysis of the Noise Level in Selected Zones of Bus Stops in the City of Radom

Tomasz Perzyński

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(2):D26-D33 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.2.D26-D33

The noise from means of transport is one of the main factors of environmental noise pollution and is one of the factors having an effect on human health. The article presents the problem of noise emitted by urban means of transport. The work focuses on analysis of the acoustic climate in the bus stop zone. In order to estimate the noise level, research was conducted in selected points in one of the Polish cities - Radom. The obtained results allowed assessment of the impact of transport on the noise level in the area of selected bus stops.

Management Science and Informatics in Transport

The GPS / EGNOS Positioning Quality in APV-1 and LPV-200 flight procedures

Grzegorz Grunwald, Adam Ciećko, Kamil Krasuski, Rafał Kaźmierczak

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(2):E23-E34 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.2.E23-E34

Accuracy, integrity, continuity and availability are the basic quality parameters extremely important in satellite navigation. The article presents results of research using the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) that belongs to the group of Satellite Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS). The measurement data adopted for analysis were recorded in years: 2012, 2014, 2015, 2017 and 2018 in the north-eastern Poland. Results of the analysis showed a significant reduction in the maximum GPS / EGNOS positioning error values from 2014 onwards (compared to results from 2012). In general, values of parameters characterizing accuracy, integrity...

Safety and Security Engineering in Transport

Selected Aspects of the Road Traffic Safety Management System

Monika Stoma, Jacek Caban, Agnieszka Dudziak, Andrzej Kuranc

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(2):F33-F42 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.2.F33-F42

The article is an attempt to present the two modern concepts of safety management systems. The first is the sunflower pyramid used especially in Europe, the second is the ISO 39001 standard (Road Safety Management System) of international scope. The idea and possibilities offered by use of both concepts of safety management, as well as an attempt to assess the impact of their actions on decrease in fatalities in selected EU countries, were presented. As a result of the conducted analyses, a downward trend was noted as to the number of certificates issued for compliance with the ISO 39001 standard in the world, which may indicate an appearance of the...

A Case Study into the Safety Compliance within the Road Freight Transport Sector with Regards to Securing Cargo

Ján Ližbetin, Mária Stopková

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(2):F43-F48 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.2.F43-F48

This article deals with the issue of safety within the road freight transport sector with regards to the securing of cargo on a vehicle. The first part of the article focuses on the legal framework that regulates this issue in the Czech Republic. The second part is based on a case study and survey conducted among drivers of the road freight transport vehicles into their awareness of what they understand is meant by securing and secure cargo. The case study was carried out in a specific transport company and includes an analysis of the current situation and concrete measures for improving safety while securing timber for transport.

Travel and Tourism Studies in Transport Development

Using Data on Bike-Sharing System User Stopovers in Smart Tourism: A Case Study

Krystian Banet

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(2):G1-G12 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.2.G1-G12

Bike-sharing systems are an important element in development of the smart cities and datasets from these systems are one of the ways to obtain large amount of information on bicycle traffic. These usually contain data on the origin and destination of each trip, as well as its time and duration. Alongside the basic data, some operators also provide information on the exact route picked by each user. This allows researchers to study stopovers, which may serve as a source of interesting information on human behaviour in public spaces and, as a consequence, help improve its analysis and design. However, using the raw data may lead to important errors because...

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