Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina - Online first
Dynamic Routing with Static Delivery Time Windows in Urban Last-Mile Transport Logistics
Viktor Danchuk, Oleksandr Hutarevych, Stanislav, Popov, José Vicente Busquets-Mataix
Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina X:X | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2026.001 
To address the challenges of dynamic routing in the last-mile transport logistics, an adaptive method has been developed for solving a multi-criteria dynamic vehicle routing problem with static time windows, taking into account the actual configuration of the urban road network and the non-stationary traffic dynamics on its sections. At the same time, the method enables the use of consolidated real-time data on the dynamic characteristics of traffic flow on sections of the transport network from any sources available at the time of optimization (e.g., GIS, road sensors, mobile devices, etc.). The results of simulation studies using the ant colony...
An Analytical Model for Calculating the Active Interaction Forces of the Working Body of Earth-Moving Machines with Sticky Soils
Nurbol Kamzanov, Shynbolat Tynybekov, Nursat Baikenzhe, Guldariya Naimanova, Bakytzhan Kyrgyzbay, Rustem Kozbagarov
Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina X:X | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2026.002
In this study is presented an analytical mathematical model developed to determine the forces arising during the active penetration of machine working bodies into sticky rocks. The methodology is based on the method of element-by-element calculation of resistances, where the contact zone is divided into discrete prisms of material. As a result of the analysis, a final formula for the total penetration force is derived. This formula shows the dependence of the resistance force on the dimensions of the tool (thickness, depth, angle of sharpening) and the physical characteristics of the rock (internal friction, adhesion, stickiness). The model serves...
Evaluation of Bus Lane Implementation Expediency on Streets with Different Lane Numbers: Case Study
Fuad Dashdamirov, Turan Verdiyev
Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina X:X | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2026.003
The introduction of bus lanes on streets may not be feasible from the standpoint of reducing the overall time loss for road users. The goal of this study was to develop a method for checking the effectiveness of bus lane implementation. Using simulation experiments, conducted in PTV VISSIM, for a different number of traffic lanes, the speeds of buses and vehicles were determined both when buses are moving in the general flow and after the introduction of a bus lane, at different values of flow intensity and bus frequency. Regression equations, describing the dependence of speed on the traffic flow intensity and frequency of buses for different numbers...
Influence of Traffic Flow Parameters on the Delay Duration at Signalized Intersections
Taras Postranskyy, Mykola Boikiv, Maksym Afonin, Ihor Mohyla
Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina X:X | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2026.004
In this study is examined the influence of traffic flow parameters on delay duration at signalized intersections of urban multi-lane streets. The findings show that traffic composition strongly affects delays at low volumes, while its influence decreases as total volume grows. These results highlight the need to account for traffic composition, not only volume, when optimizing the signal timing and managing flows. The novelty of the study lies in modelling delay as a joint function of traffic volume and traffic flow composition, where the share of passenger cars is varied independently, rather than through the generalized passenger car unit-based...
Comparison of Braking Dynamics at High Speeds of Firefighting Vehicles on Tatra Chassis with Different Braking Systems
Ladislav Jánošík, Ivana Jánošíková, Tomáš Konečný, Izabela Šudrychová
Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina X:X | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2026.005
In this paper are summarized the results of measurements of the driving characteristics of fire-fighting vehicles during the braking from high speeds. Two water tender vehicles manufactured by TATRA, used by the Fire Rescue Service of the Czech Republic, were compared. The tested vehicles differ in their braking systems. In the study are monitored the braking distance and deceleration, which were compared with previous tests focusing on tire type, test track surface, and weather conditions. When braking from a speed of 80 km/h, the worst results of the braking distance were recorded for SCANIA of 64 m and TATRA TerrNo1 (9T5 2243), of 73 m. These...
Determining the Efficiency of Cleaning Vehicle Exhaust Gases with an Ultrasonic Muffler Depending on the Engine Operating Mode and Ultrasound Power
Igor Pak
Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina X:X | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2026.006
The dependence has been obtained that links the degree of coagulation of soot particles, the parameters of the ultrasonic equipment, the geometric dimensions of the ultrasonic muffler, the frequency characteristics of ultrasound, and the parameters of the engine operating mode. In the paper is presented solving of a problem of determining the number of particles in 1 cm3 of exhaust gas depending on the smoke index. An example of calculating the required ultrasound power for a full-size ultrasonic vehicle muffler bench has been given.
Enhancing Visibility and Safety of Thermoplastic Road Markings with Phosphorus Additives and Rosin Ester Binder
M. Isya, Cut Mutiawati, Fadhlullah Apriandy, Hadhrat Alfajri
Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina X:X | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2026.007
Road markings are essential traffic control devices that guide drivers, particularly at night and under adverse weather conditions common in tropical regions. In this study is investigated the performance of thermoplastic road markings enhanced with phosphorescent phosphorus using rosin ester as a binder. Laboratory experiments with varying phosphorus concentrations were conducted to evaluate luminance, retroreflectivity, and skid resistance under dry and wet conditions. The results show that a 30% phosphorus content provides the best overall performance by improving the nighttime visibility and retroreflective properties without compromising the skid...
Optimizing Patient Transport under Infection Control Constraints: A MILP-Based Dial-a-Ride Approach
Martin Tóth, Adrián Horváth, Tamás Hajba
Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina X:X | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2026.008
With aging populations and rising healthcare demands, efficient patient transportation has become a critical challenge, particularly in the context of infection control. In this paper is presented an extended mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model for optimizing patient transport in urban environments, with a focus on the separate transportation of infectious and non-infectious individuals. The model incorporates time windows, maximum allowable ride durations, and mandatory vehicle disinfection requirements. Experimental results obtained using CPLEX demonstrate that incorporating infection control measures significantly influences both...
Theoretical and Experimental Study of Diesel Engine Exhaust Gas Purification in a Vertical Ultrasonic Muffler Stand
Adil Kadyrov, Aliya Kukesheva, Yermek Dyussenbaev, Zhanara Zhunusbekova, Pavel Bezkorovainy
Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina X:X | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2026.009
In this article is presented a new method of ultrasonic cleaning of exhaust gases of diesel engines by coagulation of soot particles and their subsequent sedimentation. The analytical modelling of the particle motion in a vertical muffler stand was carried out, taking into account the ultrasonic effect and gravitational forces. Experimental studies of the developed stand confirmed that ultrasound promotes agglomeration and sedimentation of soot, reduces the CO₂ content and increases the O₂ concentration in the exhaust gases. The maximum cleaning efficiency is achieved with the simultaneous use of all the ultrasonic emitters. The results...
Research of the Stress-Strain State of a Mobile Overpass Structure
Alexandr Ganyukov, Sabit S. Amanbayev
Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina X:X | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2026.010
The research is aimed at solving the problem of traffic congestion during the underground repair work in cities. The goal is to develop and analyze a modular mobile overpass that ensures continuous traffic without bypassing repair areas. The stress-strain state of the spatial steel frame of the orthogonal overpass module was studied using analytical methods of structural mechanics - the displacement method and the force method. Critical forces are determined, relationships between bending moments and stiffness of elements are revealed, optimal parameters ensuring strength and stability of structure are determined. The results confirm the feasibility...
Evaluating Port Performance in EU Countries with Fuzzy and Grey Logic
Gül Alişar Kayar, İlker İbrahim Avşar
Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina X:X | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2026.011
Ports are fundamental components of global supply chains, and their performance is critical to sustaining international trade and economic activity. Recognizing that existing studies often focus on individual ports rather than broader regional patterns, a new hybrid Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) model is proposed to provide a more comprehensive assessment framework. Based on expert judgments, the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) results indicate that cargo type is the most influential determinant, followed by cargo direction and container volume. Using Evaluation based on Distance from Average Solution - Grey (EDAS-G) and Additive Ratio...
Enhancing the Transport Safety through Disdrometer-Based Environmental Sensing
Matúš Nečas, Tomáš Ranuša, Dušan Maga, Gabriel Gašpar
Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina X:X | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2026.012
In this study is presented a system for real-time precipitation measurement integrating the laser disdrometer with adaptive control. The system manages large sensor data streams dynamically, enhancing robustness and accuracy under intense weather conditions. Meteorological inputs, combined with communication, enable scalable infrastructure supporting automated safety interventions. Experimental deployment showed improved data fidelity, anomaly detection, and detailed analysis of drop size and velocity distributions. The approach advances intelligent transportation safety and operational reliability through comprehensive environmental sensing and real-time...
Cloud-Based Modular System for Acquisition and Visualization of OCO-2 Remotely Sensed CO2 Data
Maroš Valášek, Roman Budjač, Martin Hanzely, Neven Vrček
Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina X:X | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2026.013
In this paper is presented a cloud-based framework for automated acquisition and visualization of Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) satellite CO₂ data. The system employs an ETL pipeline with OPeNDAP protocol for selective data retrieval, reducing network overhead while processing L2 Standard and L2 Lite FP products. Built on Amazon Web Services (AWS) infrastructure, using Python (Pandas, Dash, Plotly) and Docker orchestration, the modular architecture implements dependency injection for runtime flexibility. The deployed system achieves daily automated ingestion with 2.25 km × 1.29 km spatial resolution, enabling the real-time monitoring...
Proposal for the Electric Vehicle Drive Simulator Configuration - Case Study and Simulation Modelling
Ján Markovič, Pavol Špánik, Michal Frivaldský
Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina X:X | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2026.014
Road traffic remains a major contributor to carbon dioxide emissions, making innovative energy solutions essential. Electric vehicles (EVs) offer a promising alternative, however, current lithium-ion batteries face limitations in power output, energy density, and cost. To address these challenges, hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) combine batteries for energy storage with supercapacitors for rapid power delivery. In this study was explored an optimization tool for EV operation using HESS configurations and evaluates performance through MATLAB Simulink simulations across various driving cycles. The results highlight trade-offs between the performance,...