Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina, 2023 (vol. 25), issue 1
Operation and Economics in Transport
Grey Model Analysis of Vehicle Population, Road Transport Energy Consumption and Vehicular Emissions
Nuhu Caleb Amulah, Ekwe Bassey Ekwe, Muhammad Idriss Ishaq, Fasiu Ajani Oluwole
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2023, 25(1):A1-A13 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2023.006 
This study employs the grey models to explore Nigeria’s road transport energy consumption, vehicle population and vehicular emissions. The vehicular emissions were evaluated using the European Environment Agency Tier 1 Approach, based on the fuel consumption. A baseline scenario, based on historical data and three other alternative scenarios were developed. The study considered fuel quality, vehicle technology and survival rates as the key drivers of scenario formulation. Results show that vehicle population increases by about 3.58 % annually from 12.9 million units in 2018 to 38.5 million in 2050. Analysis of the alternative pathways reveals...
Measures to Improve the Operation of Passenger Transport and Urban Mobility
Denis Kapski, Sergey Semtchenkov, Liudmila Khmelnitskaya
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2023, 25(1):A14-A25 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2023.007
The article discusses the types of urban electric transport used in Belarusian cities, gives a detailed classification and comparison of available vehicles. Various options for increasing the share of environmentally friendly transport through the use of electric buses and trolleybuses are considered, an assessment and a comparative analysis of the options are given. Features of the drivers' work planning and drawing up of the schedule taking into account safety requirements are considered. A methodology for assessing the efficiency of urban passenger transport has been developed, taking into account the development of electric vehicles.
Tariff Systems and Distance Measurement of Public Passenger Transport Stops
Jozef Gnap, Grzegorz Dydkowski, Ján Ondruą, Frantiąek Synák
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2023, 25(1):A26-A39 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2023.009
The development of IT technologies in the systems of tickets sales facilitates the charging and differentiating the fare amounts versus distance, as well as in the systems of public transport on short distances, in the urban, suburban and regional transport. The essence of the transport activity consists in covering a distance and a part of cost components and thereby the total costs, increase with the distance covered by means of transport. In a similar way the calculation of fares depending on distances may be considered as the most appropriate from the point of view of transport as a service. Inaccuracies and deviations during the distance measurements...
Analysis of the Length of Highways and the Number of Motor Vehicles Impact on the Intensity of Road Accidents in Selected European Countries in 2010-2020
Damian Frej, Emilia Szumska
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2023, 25(1):A40-A60 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2023.012
The main purpose of this study was to compare the frequency of road fatalities in selected European countries, including Poland. Moreover, based on statistical data, the determination index R2 was determined for both the total number of road accidents and fatalities in road accidents in terms of the number of registered vehicles and the length of motorways in selected European countries. Results show the dependence of factors, such as road infrastructure and the number of registered motor vehicles, influence on the level of road safety in selected European countries.
Comparison of Operational Costs for Fixed-Route Bus Service and Demand Responsive Transport Systems. The Case of Kosice Region - Slovakia
Tomáą ©tofa, Peter Dľupka, Radovan Dráb
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2023, 25(1):A61-A72 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2023.015
The issue of sustainability of public transport is constantly receiving attention from both government and research. One possible solution, demand responsive transport (DRT), can increase accessibility in rural areas, improve the quality of service as well as reduce the costs. This paper estimates the operational costs for different types of vehicles in DRT in person-kilometers and compares it to the current costs of standard bus transport for year 2021 and analyses the capacity, occupancy and ticket prices of fixed-route bus transport. As the results indicate, in many cases the costs of DRT are higher compared to standard bus transport, but by increasing...
Review of Global Research on E-Mobility: A Bibliometric Analysis
Apurvkumar Desai, Chetan R. Patel
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2023, 25(1):A73-A82 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2023.016
The present article portrays the bibliometric analysis of research conducted on E-mobility worldwide. The study aimed to understand research characteristics, evolution, challenges and potential research trends. Research articles published on E-mobility have been compiled from the Scopus database, resulting in 1737 articles published between 2001 and 2021. The software R Studio has been used for subsequent bibliometric analysis. The analysis examines the research trend in the field of E-mobility. In addition, it identifies the most productive contributors in terms of author, country and sources. Thematic analysis has been performed, as well, to reveal...
Mechanical Engineering in Transport
Changes in Mechanical Properties Due to Heat Treatment on Additive Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V
József Hlinka, László Dániel Erőss, Ármin Fendrik, Krisztián Bán
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2023, 25(1):B1-B6 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2023.001
Laser-based additive manufacturing (AM) of Ti-6Al-4V has become increasingly important for use in components of transportation devices. The most significant advantage over conventional steel structures is the reduction in specific weight. Complex geometries can be produced with the layer-by-layer manufacturing process and the personalised, unique part production can be faster and produced with the lower costs and less material waste than the conventional manufacturing techniques. Between the manufacturing process of an additively manufactured part and its use, the post-processing is an essential factor related to the strength properties or porosity...
Estimation of the Public Transport Operating Performance: Example of a Selected City Bus Route
Miroslaw Smieszek, Nataliia Kostian, Vasyl Mateichyk, Jakub Mosciszewski, Liudmyla Tarandushka
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2023, 25(1):B7-B21 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2023.002
The efficiency of the public transport use is a complex indicator formed from a set of partial assessments of its economic, technical and environmental efficiency. Special attention must be paid to the evaluation of efficiency based on energy consumption, taking into account transport work on the city route. The article is devoted to study of the operation performance of a diesel city bus on the selected city route and determines its energy efficiency by specific fuel consumption per unit of transport work. Based on statistical data, the distribution patterns of the speed and acceleration of the bus on the studied route were determined. The analytical...
Influence of Traffic Conditions on the Energy Consumption of an Electric Vehicle
Adriana Skuza, Rafał Jurecki, Emilia Szumska
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2023, 25(1):B22-B33 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2023.004
Traffic conditions are constantly changing when driving in urban areas. Depending on the hour the vehicle is moving, the drive is more or less smooth. The aim of this study is to determine how the traffic conditions affect the energy consumption of an electric vehicle. Simulations carried out in AVL Cruise software, based on real-world testing, were used to determine this issue. The methodology for conducting the research and performing the simulations is also described. The energy consumption of the vehicle, on each route and during the hours studied, was compared to each other based on the results from the simulation software. The results of the...
Gap Analysis in Eco Categories, Electric Vehicle Comparison and Solutions to Global Transport Challenges
Ventsislav P. Keseev
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2023, 25(1):B34-B44 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2023.008
Nowadays, the world is facing many challenges that require a fast environmental and energy transition, but some obstacles have been found. A gap analysis has been made and the conclusion is that there are flaws in the eco categories distribution of different types of electric vehicles. A comparison is done and the conclusions are that hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and plugin hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) with smaller batteries are the most versatile, while the battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are good primarily for urban driving. The BEVs reduce the urban pollution, but the global ecological effects are rather controversial and their usage...
Analysing the Generative Design of Payload Part for the 3D Metal Printing
Tamás Markovits, László Dániel Erőss, Ármin Fendrik
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2023, 25(1):B45-B51 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2023.010
Additive manufacturing provides the possibility to print complex generative designed bodies. The research deals with redesigning a payload part of a camera holder using generative design for selective laser melting. The possibility of replacing the original polymer component with a metal printed component of a greater strength and the effect of different parameters of generative design were investigated. By comparing the generative design results obtained in several phases, the goal was to find a solution that can be used to replace the previous part and become printable with 3D metal printing. The internal stress values for each case and the...
Influence of the Technical Condition of the Running System of Articulated Buses on Stability of Their Straight-Line Motion
Volodymyr Sakhno, Victor Polyakov, Igor Murovanyi, Oleksii Timkov, Liudmyla Mialkovska, Pavlo Popovych, Liubomyr Poberezhnyi
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2023, 25(1):B52-B61 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2023.019
Among the most important operational properties of articulated buses, ensuring their safety, it is necessary to note the course stability of traffic (CST), as often the loss of CST of a vehicle is accompanied by an accident. The parameters of the CST of a road train are closely related to the design of the running gear, in particular to the skew of the bus and trailer axles. The critical speed of rectilinear traffic was determined for different states of the articulated buses running system, which, in the absence of a bridge skew, was 32.1 m/s (116.6 km/h). The movement of the SSA is asymptotically stable. Under the action of perturbation, the stabilization...
Electrical Engineering in Transport
Vehicle Cabin Noise Cancellation Model Using Pre-Filter for Improved Convergence Rate and Better Stability
Janak Kapoor, Ajita Pathak, Manish Rai, G. R Mishra
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2023, 25(1):C1-C12 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2023.003
Adaptive algorithms are used in updating the filter coefficients for active noise cancellation applications in reduction of vehicle cabin noise. The performance of the adaptive algorithms in low-frequency noise cancellation depends on how efficiently it alters the filter coefficient to minimize the difference between the approximated signal and the original one. Here is proposed an active noise cancellation model, using the low pass fixed coefficient filter before the adaptive filter, in order to improve the performance of the adaptive algorithm. Convergence rate, SNR and error vector magnitude are analysed for of adaptive algorithm in support of our...
Modeling of Electric Vehicles Fleet's Charging Using Partial Differential Equations
Martina Kajanová, Peter Braciník, Michal Kralovič
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2023, 25(1):C13-C23 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2023.005
With an increasing number of electric vehicles, their impact on electrical power systems is starting to be substantial. High deployment of these vehicles can even bring issues such as overloading the power transformers and power lines or loss of stability in the power system. Therefore, a suitable model, able to represent large groups or fleets of electric vehicles, is needed to prepare measures that can prevent these problems. The main contribution of this paper is the definition of a charging model representing a fleet of EVs using partial differential equations. This new approach enables meeting the accuracy of the commonly used battery charging...
Vehicle-to-Everything Communication
Zuzana ©pitálová
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2023, 25(1):C24-C35 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2023.017
With an increasing number of vehicles, there is a need for reliable and secure communication between subjects participating in the dynamic traffic environment. This kind of communication is called V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything). It can also contribute to higher level of autonomous driving. The V2X model operation is enabled by use of the newest technologies and standards, defined by 3GPP Organization. In this paper, a review of the V2X communication models, available technologies and standards are studied.
Civil Engineering in Transport
FEM Modelling of the Temperature Influence on the Stress-Strain State of the Pavement
Alexandr Shimanovsky, Abdujabbor Karabayev, Iryna Krakava, Volha Tsyhanok, Ibragim Sodikov, Abduvokhid Yunusov
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2023, 25(1):D1-D9 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2023.011
The highways that are used in the countries with a sharp continental and a hot climate operate in the conditions when the pavement temperature changes along its height. This fact can lead to a significant increase in stresses in the layers of the road structure. In this paper is suggested an approach to solution of the joint problem of the pavement deformation and the heat propagation in it by a finite element modelling technique. The ANSYS software package was applied to solve the described problem. It is shown that an increase in the road surface temperature leads to a significant increase in the von Mises-equivalent stresses in the asphalt concrete...
The Role of Transportation Costs on Affordable Housing for Low-Income Class
Mohammad Mehdi Khabiri, Saeed Nemati Pour Ghasem Abadi, Zohreh Ghafori Fard
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2023, 25(1):D10-D20 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2023.020
This research was conducted to investigate the current state of transportation, as well as the transportation costs of the residents of towns with affordable residential houses, by preparing and presenting a questionnaire to these residents. In this questionnaire, things like housing costs, the amount of travel to the city center, satisfaction with public transportation services and its variety, easy access to public transportation and required places, the amount of use of public transportation and private vehicles were examined and solutions to reduce transportation costs were presented. Although the price of housing in the towns is lower than in...
Safety and Security Engineering in Transport
Reckoning Level of Risk and Severity (LORS) Based on the Gap Acceptance at a Three-Legged Uncontrolled Intersection of a Rural Highway
Khushbu Bhatt, Jiten Shah
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2023, 25(1):F1-F14 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2023.013
Traffic safety assessment is an essential part of traffic planning and engineering. At uncontrolled intersections, the severity of crashes has increased manifolds. This is due to the fact of not following the priority rule during the right-turning movements. In conventional methods, past accident records were used to analyze traffic safety. However, the drawbacks of the traditional method to estimate the severity require a lot of accident data for analysis to draw any conclusion and suggest safety measures. The accuracy of the record of accidents and details is highly uncertain. Therefore, surrogate safety measures are being used to analyze the safety....
Paratransit Safety as a Key Resource for Sustainable Mobility in Developing Countries
Md Tawkir Ahmed, Md Sifat Bin Siraj, Tiziana Campisi
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2023, 25(1):F15-F25 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2023.018
A vital mode of transportation for short term mobility is paratransit. There are several studies on paratransit safety in developed nations but the developing nations like Bangladesh pay less attention to the issue. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to evaluate the safety of paratransit using the perceptions of riders and drivers. Negative binomial model (NBM) was used to calibrate the safety of paratransit using 451 responses in Chittagong city. The study's findings highlight the significance of perceptions of travel safety in enhancing accessibility during the routine travel. Vehicle speed limits (km/h), which reduce the chance of...
Travel and Tourism Studies in Transport Development
Electromagnetic Field Exposure in the Public Space of the Slovakian City
Michal Trnka, Patrik Gálik, Eva Kráµová, Rastislav Vaľan
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2023, 25(1):G1-G6 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2023.014
The main objective of our research was to map the exposure to electromagnetic smog in the frequented space of shopping centres in the city of Bratislava and to compare our results to the actual hygienic limits. The measurements of the low- and high-frequency electromagnetic fields were performed at different places in shopping centres. Our results did not exceed the Slovak current limits in any of the measurements. However, almost all of them markedly exceed new permitted limits according to EUROPAEM. Based on our results, stricter limits in many European countries and increasing evidence on possible harmfulness of long-term exposures to artificial...