Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina, 2021 (vol. 23), issue 4
Operation and Economics in Transport
Single European Railway Area and the Problem of Rail Infrastructure Charges - Case Studies in V4 Countries
Anna Dolinayová, Igor Dömény, Jan Jansák, Peter ©ulko
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(4):A208-A222 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.4.A208-A222 
This paper deals with the charging system and rail infrastructure fees use in V4 countries. The goal was to find out how the charges differ in terms of the train type, weight and distance traveled on different track categories. The charging principle for minimum access packages and for the access and services supplied in service facilities was investigated. Due to different technical, technological and other conditions for the rail infrastructure capacity utilization, the modeled situation was compared to the real one. This research shows differences between individual countries, both in the charging system and in the price for the rail infrastructure...
Various Approaches Proposed for Eliminating Duplicate Data in a System
Roman Èere¹òák, Karol Matia¹ko, Adam Dudá¹
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(4):A223-A232 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.4.A223-A232
The growth of big data processing market led to an increase in the overload of computation data centers, change of methods used in storing the data, communication between the computing units and computational time needed to process or edit the data. Methods of distributed or parallel data processing brought new problems related to computations with data which need to be examined. Unlike the conventional cloud services, a tight connection between the data and the computations is one of the main characteristics of the big data services. The computational tasks can be done only if relevant data are available. Three factors, which influence the speed and...
GDP Effect on B2C E-commerce Turnover and Number of Express Shipments in Selected European Post-Communist Countries
Michaela Novotná, Dalibor Gottwald, Libor ©vadlenka
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(4):A233-A240 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.4.A233-A240
The impact of the e-economy has been observable in almost all the sectors of the national economies of the states in the last few years. The growing influence of this phenomenon is due to development of the Internet, which has already become a viable part of almost all the business activities including buying and selling. Therefore, it can be assumed that the area of e-commerce will have an increasing impact, not only on national economic development, but on the express mail market, as well. The content of the article is designed to provide a comprehensive view of the interdependence between the level of economic maturity (the GDP gross Domestic Product)...
Evaluation of Impact of the Operational and Technical Factors on Downtime of Municipal Buses Based on a Linear Regression Model
Joanna Rymarz, Anna Borucka, Andrzej Niewczas
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(4):A241-A247 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.4.A241-A247
The objective of this study was to assess the effect of selected operational and technical factors on downtime of vehicles. The sample consisted of buses from a municipal transport company (Poland). Estimation of parameters of a linear regression model was performed. Month of failure (downtime event) and its type were used as predictors. Failures were divided into three categories: events related to the company´s operations, including vehicle failures (1) and other (organizational) problems (2), as well as failures caused by external factors unrelated to the operations of the transport company (3). The downtime was found to be significantly associated...
Delivery Times and Delay in Delivery of Consignment under the Conditions of International Carriage
Jarmila Sosedová, Zuzana Otáhalová, Andrej Dávid, Andrea Galieriková
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(4):A248-A255 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.4.A248-A255
Delivery time means a certain period in which the carrier is obliged to transport the consignment from one place to another. The delay occurs when the carrier does not deliver the consignment to the consignee within this period. The authors analyse individual legislative documents regulating the transport - legal conditions of international transport. In addition, they present the reasons for the delay in delivery of the consignment and point to the carrier's liability for non-fulfilment of the obligation to transport the consignment within the delivery period. By comparing the results, authors state that there is a diversity of regulations in the...
The Case Study of International Transport by the Freight Forwarder in France
Iveta Kubasáková, Jaroslava Kubáòová, Patrícia Kollárová
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(4):A256-A263 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.4.A256-A263
The article presents an analysis of the freight forwarder and carrier costs on transport in chosen country of Western Europe. Costs of transport point out to several existing problems in this part of Europe. The case study is given that deals about chosen transport in France. The article contains a review of transport routes during 2019, which were performed by an international forwarding company. These sessions were carried out in problematic areas in France. These are the transport of refrigerated and frozen perishable goods. The shipments are realized between logistics centres in France. The high problem is with carriers, with qualifications of...
Impact of Key Marketing Tools on Global Car Market Development
Oleksandr Savych, Tetiana Shkoda
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(4):A264-A276 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.4.A264-A276
The purpose of the proposed study was to identify the functional patterns of influence of the marketing tools on sales of cars on the global market, to be able to predict sales volumes in the future, taking into account certain marketing tools that the company may use in a particular international market. For the purpose of this research the method of correlationregression analysis is used to construct the corresponding economic and mathematical models of impact on the sales volumes of various instruments of product, price, promotion policy, etc. Using the models offered in the article, the feasibility of introducing certain measures can be determined,...
Mechanical Engineering in Transport
Nanoindentation as a Method for Determining the Mechanical Properties of Cold Spray Coatings
Medard Makrenek
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(4):B250-B256 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.4.B250-B256
The paper presents the methodology behind the statistical selection of input parameters using the example of spraying two cold-sprayed coatings. The Ti and Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr)-Gr coatings were tested. Despite the large difference in the structure of these coatings, nanoindentation studies were carried out focusing on the nano hardness H and elastic modulus E. Based on the four input parameters and two output parameters, a 2-level factorial 2(k-p) experimental design was performed. The conducted analysis showed the significant influence of the spray distance on the H and E values in the case of the Ti coating. The input parameters of the spray distance...
Bricklaying Robot Lifting and Levelling System
Piotr Wos, Ryszard Dindorf, Jakub Takosoglu
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(4):B257-B264 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.4.B257-B264
The article presents the concept of building and controlling a Bricklaying Robotic System (BRS). The research presents the design process and how to control a four-cylinder electro-hydraulic servo drive system. The article presents a mathematical model and optimizes the process of aligning the mobile support platform of the masonry robot. The lifting mechanism was presented and its kinematic analysis performed. The mathematical model of the hydraulic system was described. The control system, designed for the masonry robot lifting platform, includes position errors for a single drive axis and synchronization errors between the axes.
Emission of Selected Exhaust Gas Components and Fuel Consumption in Different Driving Cycles
Andrzej Kuranc, Jacek Caban, Branislav ©arkan, Agnieszka Dudziak, Monika Stoma
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(4):B265-B277 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.4.B265-B277
Road transport have significant impact on regional economic and social development, but one can also point out a number of its disadvantages, which include environmental pollution. The paper presents measurements of fumes exhaust emissions of a passenger car with a significant operational mileage. The tests were carried out in a laboratory on a chassis roller dynamometer using various driving cycles. To determine the exhaust emissions, data on the mass of air flowing through the intake manifold was used, among others. The work also describes an example of own driving cycle developed based on urban driving in Lublin, Poland.
Numerical and Analytical Investigation of Stability of the Reinforced Plate
Gaik A. Manuylov, Sergey B. Kositsyn, Irina E. Grudtsyna
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(4):B278-B287 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.4.B278-B287
The work is aimed at the construction of an algorithm for studying the equilibrium states of a reinforced plate near critical points, using the first (cubic terms) nonlinear terms of the potential energy expansion. Using geometrically nonlinear analysis of displacement, deformation and stress fields, the Eigenforms of buckling were calculated and bifurcation solutions and solutions for equilibrium curves with limit points were constructed depending on the initial imperfections.
Experimental Research of the Coagulation Process of Exhaust Gases under the Influence of Ultrasound
Adil S. Kadyrov, Bauyrzhan K. Sarsembekov, Aleksandr A. Ganyukov, Zhanara Z. Zhunusbekova, Kuanysh N. Alikarimov
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(4):B288-B298 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.4.B288-B298
The authors propose the use of ultrasonic radiation to clean the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines of the solid particles. An experimental stand and research results are presented, proving the possibility and efficiency of using the process of ultrasonic cleaning of exhaust gases due to the process of the solid particles coagulation. The authors received a corresponding patent, the efficiency of which has been proven by results of the conducted research.
Experimental Analysis of Vertical Vibrations of a Railway Bogie
Mãdãlina Dumitriu, Ioan Cristian Cruceanu
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(4):B299-B307 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.4.B299-B307
The paper presents a study of the vertical vibrations of a bogie of a passenger vehicle, based on the acceleration of the axles and the bogie frames, measured during the running at a constant velocity. To this purpose, the root mean square (RMS) acceleration is calculated for more measurement sequences at different velocities. In principle, the RMS acceleration increases along with the velocity and influence of the variability of the amplitude in the track defects upon the dispersion of the values in the RMS acceleration. Based on the spectral analysis of the measured acceleration, wheel defects and undulatory wear of the rolling surfaces of wheels...
Effect of the RME Biodiesel on the Diesel Engine Fuel Consumption and Emission
Dariusz Kurczyñski
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(4):B308-B316 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.4.B308-B316
Road transport is the primary source of atmospheric air pollution, thus posing a threat to human health and life. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of fuel obtained from plants on the ecological properties of a compression ignition engine. The article reports the results of investigations into a modern engine with a Common Rail system, powered by the RME (rapeseed methyl esters) biodiesel and their blends with diesel. For comparison, the engine was also fuelled with conventional diesel oil without ester addition. When powering the engine with blends and pure biodiesel, brake specific fuel consumption increased. The concentrations of...
Estimation of Wheels' Normal Reaction Forces of Automobile in Steady-State Curvilinear Motion
Piotr Fundowicz, Hubert Sar, Mateusz Brukalski
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(4):B317-B324 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.4.B317-B324
Computer simulation seems to be one of the cheapest and relatively fast methods of investigating vehicle motion. Thereby, it may be important in the case of calculations for the reconstruction of traffic incidents. In particular, that may be important to answer the following question: How wheels' normal reaction forces differ during the cornering of a vehicle?In this article, the authors presented how the normal reaction forces vary in the case of roll motion of a vehicle body. Suitable mathematical equations are presented. Furthermore, the measurements of the height of the centre of gravity were performed, which was necessary to obtain the normal...
Practical Application of the New Approach To FMEA Method according to AIAG and VDA Reference Manual
Dariusz Plinta, Ewa Golinska, ¥uboslav Dulina
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(4):B325-B335 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.4.B325-B335
System requirements in the automotive industry are constantly evolving and being improved. Currently, the entire supply chain, related to the automotive industry, is subject to the fourth amendment to the technical automotive standard - IATF 16949: 2016 Quality management systems - Detailed requirements for the use of ISO 9001: 2015 in serial production and production of spare parts in the automotive industry. In IATF standard, there are advices called reference manuals that provide important guidance on the quality system in this industry - one of them is the FMEA manual. The new guidelines in this regard, developed jointly by AIAG and VDA, entered...
Electro-Hydraulic Proportional System Real Time Tracking Control Development Based on Pulse width Modulation Method
Ezz Eldin Ibrahim, Tarek Elnady, Mohamed Saffaa Hassan, Ibrahim Saleh
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(4):B336-B345 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.4.B336-B345
The presented work was directed to develop the dynamic performance of an electro-hydraulic proportional system (EHPS). A mathematical model of the EHPS is presented using electro- hydraulic proportional valve (EHPV) by Matlab-Simulink, which facilitates the simulation of the hydraulic behavior inside the main control unit. Experimental work is done and the closed loop system is designed using the linear variable displacement transducer sensor (LVDT). The controller of the system is an Arduino uno, which is considered as a processor of the system. The model is validated by the experimental system. The study also presents a real time tracking control...
Investigation of the Impact Strength of the Epoxy-Polyester Material for Using in Aggressive Environments in the Water Transport
Serhii Yakushchenko, Mykola Brailo, Andriy Buketov, Anna Sapronova, Oleksandr Sapronov, Abdellah Menou
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(4):B346-B353 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.4.B346-B353
The influence of the aggressive environments of river water, seawater, oil, petrol and sodium hydroxide on the impact strength of epoxy-polyester composite was investigated. Testing was conducted by two different methods. It was determined that the impact strength of specimens that were kept at air was W' = 4.2 kJ/m2 (by the second method - W'' = 7.0 kJ/m2). The energy spent on destruction of the control specimen was E = 0.92 J. The main regularities of the crack propagation process in the studied material were found and qualitatively described. The time of a crack propagation (τ = 0.16 μs) was determined. The maximum...
Electrical Engineering in Transport
Simulation Verification of Balancing System Based on Number of Cells
Marek ©imèák, Matú¹ Danko
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(4):C83-C89 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.4.C83-C89
This paper deals with the simulation verification of balancing systems with different numbers of batteries. There is a simulation model of the battery with adjustable inputs and a simulation model of flyback converter. These components are interconnected and controlled externally to ensure balancing of individual cells. The batteries are connected in series and a flyback converter is connected to each battery. The outputs of these inverters are connected to the output of all the batteries. So, one can say that this balancing system is designed to lighten the charger. The results of the simulations show the voltage, current and State of Charge (SoC)...
Civil Engineering in Transport
Comparative Life Cycle Analysis of Hybrid and Conventional Drive Vehicles in Various Driving Conditions
Emilia M. Szumska
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(4):D34-D41 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.4.D34-D41
Growing environmental concern prompts vehicle users to search for cleaner and ecological transport modes. Many consumers and organizations have decided to replace conventional diesel or gasoline powered vehicles with alternative drive or alternative-powered vehicles. Operating conditions may have a heavy influence on the operating parameters of vehicles, such as: airpollution emission, energy consumption and fuel consumption. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the life cycle of conventional and hybrid drive vehicles in various driving conditions. The presented LCA results show that replacing a conventional diesel or gasoline vehicle with...
Management Science and Informatics in Transport
Optimization of Energy Management in a City Bus Powered by the Hydrogen Fuel Cells
Arkadiusz Ma³ek, Rodolfo Taccani, Dariusz Kasperek, Jacek Hunicz
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(4):E56-E67 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.4.E56-E67
The article describes the design and optimization of operation of an electric bus powered by the hydrogen fuel cells. At the beginning, an approach to design of a 12-meter urban bus, powered by hydrogen, is presented, as well as examples of components for its construction. Next, the problem of selecting the size of traction batteries and stacks of the Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) hydrogen fuel cells was discussed. These are the key components affecting the price of the bus and should be subject to optimization. The results of optimization of the size of traction batteries and...
Two Objective Public Service System Design Problem
Jaroslav Janáèek, Michal Koháni, Dobroslav Grygar, René Fabricius
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(4):E68-E75 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.4.E68-E75
The public service system serves population spread over a geographical area from a given number of service centers. One of the possible approaches to the problem with two or more simultaneously applied contradicting objectives is determination of the so-called Pareto front, i.e. set of all the feasible non-dominated solutions. The Pareto front determination represents a crucial computational deal, when a large public service system is designed using an exact method. This process complexity evoked an idea to use an evolutionary metaheuristic, which can build up a set of non-dominated solution ...
Travel and Tourism Studies in Transport Development
Fathers' Predominance in Transport Arrangements for Family Tourism: E-Chaid-Based Profiling in East Asia
Yi-Fang Lan, Che-Jen Su
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(4):G13-G24 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.4.G13-G24
In decisions about transportation for family vacations, the distribution of the decision-making role between fathers and other family members is subject to characteristics of the society, the travel and the household. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to present a data-mining model that identifies the relative importance of those determining characteristics in predicting the probability of the father's predominance in transportation decisions for family vacations. By investigating cases across four East Asian societies and using exhaustive chi-square automatic identification detector analysis, it was found that the primary source of the family's...
Creative Cities and Knowledge Management Approach to Culture-Based Urban Regeneration in Slovakia: A Model
Mária Tajtáková, Mária Olejárová
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(4):G25-G37 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.4.G25-G37
The term "Creative City" emerged in the 90s of the 20th century reflecting the trend of transforming post-industrial cities into new creative urban centres - bases for knowledge intensive firms, highly-skilled workers and major cultural assets. The concept of culture-based urban regeneration describes a scheme where culture is purposely employed as a vehicle for an overall urban and social revitalization. The paper addresses innovative processes within culture-based urban regeneration projects in three Slovak cities - Bratislava, Zilina and Kosice - under the concept of creative city. The focus is on the implementation of a tailor-made multi-factor...
Increased Interest in Military Tourism on Selected Examples from the Area of Northern and Northeastern Poland
Aleksandra Zienkiewicz, Tomasz Podciborski, Rafal Ka¼mierczak
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(4):G38-G50 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.4.G38-G50
Military tourism is one of the forms of tourism that is not sufficiently researched throughout Poland. It is only in recent years, after the period of political transformation, that interest in this phenomenon has been growing every year. This research has aimed to indicate the possibilities of military tourism development in northern and northeastern Poland. It includes an analysis of data concerning the Naval Museum in Gdynia, the "Wolf's Lair" Fortress in Gierloz and an example of a military event - an air show, which took place on the premises of the 44th Airborne Museum in Gdynia. Results of the analysis of the military tourism development in...