Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina, 2021 (vol. 23), issue 3
Operation and Economics in Transport
On-Site Traffic Management Evaluation and Proposals to Improve Safety of Access to Workplaces
Jozef Paľo, Ondrej Stopka
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(3):A125-A136 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.3.A125-A136 
Transport is a phenomenon currently used in almost every sector. That is why attention is to be paid to transport safety, which should not only be addressed in relation to situation in cities or urban areas, but it is also necessary to deal with transport safety in larger enterprises where motor traffic encounters non-motorized traffic. The authors elaborated a similar research study. The introductory two sections analyze the current situation in terms of identifying bottlenecks of the traffic organization on the industrial site and possible separation of motor from non-motorized traffic to ensure safe access to workplaces and improve safety of transport...
Electrification of Public Transport Bus Fleet: Identification of Business and Financing Models
Grzegorz Dydkowski, Jozef Gnap, Anna Urbanek
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(3):A137-A149 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.3.A137-A149
The paper presents possible models of electric buses purchase financing, taking into account purchase prices higher now than in the case of traditional buses. During the research, the solutions used on several continents and in many countries were analysed, including the USA, China and many European countries. The qualitative research methods were used, focusing less on the describing and dimensioning the current state and more on creating and presenting theories and the implementation proposals themselves. As a result, it also allowed to include issues related to applicability and implications of formulated solutions for managerial practice.
Fuzzy-Logic Approach to Estimate the Passengers' Preference when Choosing a Bus Line within the Public Transport System
Vitalii Naumov, Baurzhan Zhamanbayev, Dinara Agabekova, Zhumazhan Zhanbirov, Igor Taran
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(3):A150-A157 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.3.A150-A157
For the developed system of public transport, the passengers, as the customers, have a variety of alternatives when choosing the transport mode or even the route for the given mode of public transport. The estimation of the passengers' preference is the key task for transportation planners for solving the wide range of optimization problems in the field of public transport. A methodology for estimation of the passengers' preference when choosing the bus line within a public transport system is developed in this paper. The proposed approach is based on the fuzzy-logic mathematical apparatus and uses the surveys' data to calculate the membership functions...
External Economic Effects of Air Transport Development due to the Liberalization
Oksana Ovsak, Maryna Vysotska
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(3):A158-A173 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.3.A158-A173
The paper is devoted to research of the impact of gradual liberalization of aviation market on the country's air transport industry development and on formation of external economic components of the country's GDP connected to it directly: export and import of air transport services. The study of the relationship between the operation indicators of air transport and formed external economic effects has been conducted using comparative, correlative and regression analysis based on the statistical data of Ukraine, which has its own air transport industry and is on the path of aviation liberalization. A strong dependence of the export of air transport...
Improvement of the Logistic Processes using the Reverse Logistics Concept
Zbigniew Lukasik, Aldona Kuśmińska-Fijalkowska, Sylwia Olszańska
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(3):A174-A183 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.3.A174-A183
Reverse logistics differs significantly from such fields as management of waste, of which the goal is, above all, efficient and effective collection and processing of waste. Therefore, it can be said that reverse logistics refers to such streams of flows in which it is possible to recover the value from discontinued products and situation, in which solution is contribution to a new supply chain. Therefore, in this aspect, the fundamental pillar is transport, in which the crucial element is management of transport process, above all, planning of changes improving this process to better control the degree of their execution.In this article, the...
The Impact of Infrastructure Spending on Economic Growth: A Case Study of Indonesia
Makmun Syadullah, Dhani Setyawan
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(3):A184-A192 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.3.A184-A192
This paper aims to analyze the impact of infrastructure spending on economic growth in Indonesia, which includes investment in road, port and irrigation infrastructure. The period of observation was 2011-2018, which covered 29 provinces with consideration of data availability. This study employed the growth model with a panel data analysis, which analyze the relationship between the economic growth and government investment in infrastructure in the long run. The most essential finding in this study is that the economic growth is positively influenced by government investment in road, port and irrigation infrastructure. Road infrastructure investment...
Optimizing the Choice of Means of Transport using Operational Research
Piotr Gorzelanczyk, Henryk Tylicki, Tomáš Kalina, Martin Jurkovič
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(3):A193-A207 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.3.A193-A207
This study focuses on the issue of choosing a means of transport on the PilaWarsaw route by four groups of recipients. Representative sample consists of a student, a family with two children, a business client and a pensioner. The choice of the means of transport depends on various criteria resulting from the preferences of the users of the means of transport. The following criteria emerged from the survey results as a priority: transport time, transport cost, comfort and safety of travel, availability of means of transport, necessity or absence of transfers, cost of luggage transport and punctuality of means of transport. Selected preferences were...
Mechanical Engineering in Transport
A Data-Driven Method for Vehicle Speed Estimation
Angelo Bonfitto, Stefano Feraco
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(3):B165-B177 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.3.B165-B177
This paper presents a method based on Artificial Neural Networks for estimation of the vehicle speed. The technique exploits the combination of two tasks: a) speed estimation by means of regression neural networks dedicated to different road conditions (dry, wet and icy); b) identification of the road condition with a pattern recognition neural network. The training of the networks is conducted with experimental datasets recorded during the driving sessions performed with a vehicle on different tracks. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated experimentally on the same car by deploying the algorithm on a dSPACE computing platform. The...
Diagnostics of the On-Vehicle Shock Absorber Testing
Marek Guzek, Piotr Zdanowicz
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(3):B178-B186 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.3.B178-B186
The practical problems that usually come up during the on-vehicle testing of motor car shock absorbers have been discussed. Results of example tests carried out to the EUSAMA standard procedure were compared to the test results obtained with using newer methods, i.e. the phase angle method and half power bandwidth method (HPBM). The issue of incompatibility of the typical excitation applied by diagnostic suspension testers with one that often occurs in the road conditions has also been raised. It has also been shown that the wear of shock absorbers may affect the value of braking deceleration of cars with ABS (anti-lock braking system) when moving...
Laboratory Tests of the Control of the Child Seats using Method for the Vibration Comfort of Children Transported in Them
Andrzej Zuska, Emilia Szumska, Damian Frej
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(3):B187-B199 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.3.B187-B199
The article presents results of the laboratory studies of the impact of the child seats mounting method on the vibration comfort of children transported in them. The tested child seats were mounted forward facing the rear seat of a passenger car. The A seat was fastened with the ISOFIX base, while the B seat was fastened with standard car seat belts. During the tests, values of the vertical vibrations were measured on the seat of the child seat, the rear seat of the vehicle and the ISOFIX base. It was noted that the analyzed system, may be characterized by two different vibration transmission chains, which depend on the child seat mounting system (classic...
Assessment of the Constructionality of the Structure in the Assembly Processes
Józef Matuszek, Tomasz Seneta, Ľuboslav Dulina, Eleonóra Bigošová
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(3):B200-B210 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.3.B200-B210
The paper presents the methodology of designing the production process of a new product from the point of view of the criterion of the assembly operations technology (Design for Assembly - DFA) in the automotive industry. The article describes methods and techniques used during the implementation of a new product into production. The impact of the methods on improving the assembly technology of a complex product is described. Suggestions for improving for unit and small series production are presented.
Research on Curvilinear Motion of Automobile with the Application of On-Board Can Bus Data
Hubert Sar, Mateusz Brukalski, Krzysztof Rokicki
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(3):B211-B218 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.3.B211-B218
Modelling of vehicle's motion is one of the solutions applied in the research of automotive safety. There is always a discussion which model should be used for computer simulation. Models with higher number of degrees of freedom require identification of many parameters, which are usually difficult to obtain. So, very often relatively simple flat model of vehicle's motion is applied. It needs only such parameters as mass of a vehicle, location of centre of gravity from front and rear axle, yaw mass moment of inertia and side slip characteristics of the front and rear axle. In this paper the upper mentioned model was applied, considering different side...
Theoretical and Experimental Study of Operation of the Tank Equipment for Ultrasonic Purification of the Internal Combustion Engine Exhaust Gases
Adil Kadyrov, Aleksandr Ganyukov, Igor Pak, Bahtiyar Suleyev, Kyrmyzy Balabekova
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(3):B219-B226 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.3.B219-B226
The article presents results of scientific and experimental studies of the authors on operation of the tank equipment for ultrasonic purification of exhaust gases of internal combustion engines designed to reduce environmental pollution.The scheme of the experimental device implementing the principle of the tank equipment operation for ultrasonic cleaning of the motor vehicles exhaust gases is presented; the obtained experimental data of ultrasonic coagulation processes were processed and analyzed. Empirical relationships of the coagulation coefficient and its rate of change are derived from experimental data.
Numerical Simulation of Temperature Distribution in the Gas Turbine Blade
Dariusz Jakubek
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(3):B227-B236 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.3.B227-B236
This paper concentrates on temperature distribution in the gas turbine blade equipped by the cooling holes system on transient heat transfer. The present study requires the specification of internal and external boundary conditions. The calculations had been done using both Crank-Nicolson algorithm, explicit and implicit methods, in which different heat transfer coefficients on internal cooling surfaces of the holes were applied. The value of coefficients has a direct and crucial impact on the final result. The heat transfer coefficient of cooling the working surface of the of heat pipes was 1600 W/(m2K). It was found that there were no significant...
Dynamic Behavior of the Full-Car Model in the J-Turn Maneuver by Considering the Engine Gyroscopic Effects
Ali Shahabi, Amir Hossein Kazemian, Said Farahat, Faramarz Sarhaddi
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(3):B237-B249 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.3.B237-B249
This study presents a new dynamic modeling of a vehicle by considering the engine dynamics. By selecting the vehicle coordinate system as the reference frame, all the force-torque equations of the sprung mass and unsprung masses are derived in this coordinate system by using the Newton's equations of motion. Unlike the previous researches, in this work the sprung mass of the vehicle is not considered as a rigid body. The dynamics of the sprung mass components, such as gyroscopic effects of the engine crankshaft, is considered. In order to study the vehicle's dynamic behavior, in the J-turn maneuver, the governing equations of the full-car model are...
Electrical Engineering in Transport
Drone Control using the Coupling of the PID Controller and Genetic Algorithm
Mohamed Elajrami, Zouaoui Satla, Kouider Bendine
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(3):C75-C82 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.3.C75-C82
Due to their strong abilities and easy usage, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) commonly named drones have found a place and merged in the different industrial sectors. These varieties of applications encourage researchers to search for new control algorithms that make drones operate smoothly. In this regard, the present study mains to design a PID controller for four motors drones (quadcopter). For this purpose, a state-space representation of the drone is proposed based on Newton Euler's formularies for a rigid body. For better performance of the control algorithm (PID) the parameters Kp, Ki, and Kd for the controller are established using an optimization...
Management Science and Informatics in Transport
RTK Kinematic Positioning Accuracy with Double Phase Difference of SIS GNSS Signals
Lucjan Setlak, Rafał Kowalik
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(3):E35-E45 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.3.E35-E45
The article presents results of verification of the kinematic measurements usefulness for precise real-time positioning RTK in the local reference system. These measurements allow for continuous RTK measurements in the event of temporary interruptions in radio or internet connections, which are the main reason for interruptions in RTK kinematic measurements and cause a decrease in the reliability and efficiency of this positioning method. Short interruptions communication are allowed during the loss of the key correction stream from the local RTK support network, so the global corrections obtained from the geostationary satellite are used. The aim...
E1 Signal Processing of the Galileo System in the Navigation Receiver
Lucjan Setlak, Rafał Kowalik
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(3):E46-E55 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.3.E46-E55
The subject of this article are issues related to the navigation system in the field of analyzing the processed signal in the GNSS system receiver. The main purpose of the work is to discuss the Galileo E1 signal processing methods in the GNSS navigation system receiver, supported by adapted research tools in terms of solving the research problem (analysis, model, simulation tests) and the mathematical apparatus used. Key studies are concentrated around the process of generating the navigation data, dispersing sequences and signal modulation. Thus, when designing a receiver, it is better to use the simulation signals than the real ones, since one can...
Safety and Security Engineering in Transport
Study on a Brain-Controlled Pneumatic Actuator to Assist Emergency Braking of a Vehicle
Ryszard Dindorf, Jakub Takosoglu, Piotr Wos
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(3):F49-F57 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.3.F49-F57
This article deals with the issue of safety within the road freight transport sector with regards to the securing of cargo on a vehicle. The first part of the article focuses on the legal framework that regulates this issue in the Czech Republic. The second part is based on a case study and survey conducted among drivers of the road freight transport vehicles into their awareness of what they understand is meant by securing and secure cargo. The case study was carried out in a specific transport company and includes an analysis of the current situation and concrete measures for improving safety while securing timber for transport.
Analysis of Vehicle Moving Parameters in Various Road Conditions
Rafał Jurecki, Tomasz Stańczyk
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(3):F58-F70 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.3.F58-F70
The safety of road users is one of the priority issues raised by those involved in vehicle design, latest passive and active safety systems, traffic organization or driver education. Nowadays, an important road safety problem is the behaviour of drivers in emergency situations. In order to measurably estimate the driving quality, parameters such as velocity, acceleration, the way and frequency of using the control pedals are quite often used. This article describes how to assess driver's behaviour based on measurements taken on the road. The frequency of different acceleration ranges during the vehicle drive was determined based on the results obtained....
Classification of the Socio-Psychological Aspects of Protecting Soft Targets: a Case Study for Evacuation of the Railway Terminals
Alena Šplíchalová, Tomáš Karásek, Tomáš Apeltauer
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(3):F71-F82 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.3.F71-F82
Current crisis management approaches to protect soft targets make assumptions about average visitors/listeners/viewers or passengers. They do not give much consideration to impacts of diversity of potentially evacuated persons with regard to socio-psychological parameters/factors that may lead to practical problems and complications during the evacuation itself. At the same time, the soft target operators have various means of machine vision tools at their disposal, but do not use these records for more thorough analysis of evacuation planning needs. Based on this observation, the article identifies and analyzes the socio-psychological aspects that...
The Methodology to Evaluate a Rescue and Training Phantom for the Road Rescuing Organized by Police Officers as Exemplified by Crash Kelly
Pawel Gromek, Mariusz Nepelski
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(3):F83-F95 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.3.F83-F95
The paper presents a methodology to evaluate a rescue and training phantom for road rescuing organized by Police officers. The methodology is exemplified by the Crash Kelly phantom, static and dynamic functionalities of which seem to be more frequently implemented in the road safety training processes. It stems from a morphological analysis, focusing on the quality of rescue activities, emergency resources' adequacy and the training levels. In addition, experts' evaluation allows to examine phantoms using 6 practically determined criteria, expressing their strengths and weaknesses in analysed context.The results introduce Crash Kelly as a reference...
Assessment of Static Resilience of Objects in the Rail Transport
Zdeněk Dvořák, Nikola Chovančíková, Katarína Hoterová, Michal Szatmári
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(3):F96-F108 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.3.F96-F108
Resilience is the ability of an object to retain its basic functions in the case of adverse events from an external or internal environment. Adverse events can jeopardize the operation of an object or cause it to become completely inoperable. The assessment of static resilience should be dealt with mainly by objects that are included in local, regional, national, and international critical infrastructure. ritical infrastructure is the basis of today's modern functioning society.The paper is focused on design of the static resilience evaluation of objects in the rail transport. The proposed method of static resilience assessment is based on safety...
Transport Risk Identification and Assessment
Jaroslava Kubáňová, Iveta Kubasáková
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(3):F109-F115 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.3.F109-F115
The transport process is characterized by transport operations and the relationships between them, the route, the time of transport and the type of product transported. One of these parameters is the degree of risk associated with a possible disruption of the transport process. Therefore, this article aims to present the possibility of calculating the degree of risk on the selected transport route. The risk level is calculated on based on the actual risk incidents on the transport route.
Prevention of Major Accidents of Mobile Risk Sources
Katarína Mäkká, Katarína Kampová, Jacek Dworzecki
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(3):F116-F122 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.3.F116-F122
At present, the issue of public safety in the production and manipulation of hazardous chemicals deserves more attention, since various major accidents such as fires, explosions and toxic gas releases take place frequently. The issue of prevention of emergency events has become more and more topical. The growing amount of hazardous substances transported leads to increased risk of emergencies. In order to reduce this risk in the transport of hazardous substances, a number of technical, operational, traffic and safety conditions and requirements must be fulfilled. These all contribute to the reduction of hazards and risks. The aim of the presented article...