Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina, 2018 (vol. 20), issue 2
Articles
Effect of Thermal Treatment on Selected Fire Safety Features of Tropical Wood
Linda Makovicka Osvaldova, Miroslav Gasparik, Javier Ramon Sotomayor Castellanos, Frank Markert, Patricia Kadlicova, Hana Cekovska
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2018, 20(2):3-7 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2018.2.3-7 
The subject matter of the article is thermally modified tropical wood (Meranti and Merbau) and its reaction on fire. Thermal treatment of wood (thermal wood) is a new technology of wood treatment improving its physical and biological properties and increasing its resistance to biological wood destroying processes and atmospheric effects. The fire and technical properties of thermal wood, especially its reaction to fire, have not been studied sufficiently. The latter is the subject matter of this article. A comparison is made to describe the influence of process temperatures of the thermal modification of selected tropical woody plants. Experimental...
Assessing the Cascading Effect of Energy and Transport Critical Infrastructure Elements: Case Study
Veronika Brabcova, Simona Slivkova, David Rehak, Fulvio Toseroni, Jan Havko
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2018, 20(2):8-15 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2018.2.8-15
This article focuses on the issue of assessing the cascading effects of critical energy and transport infrastructure elements at the fundamental level. The introductory part deals with the typology of failures and their impacts, which spread through the critical infrastructure system. At this stage, the paper presents current approaches to assessing the cascading effects and, in particular, addresses a newly developed assessment methodology. The following part defines the initial conditions of assessment and describes selected elements from the areas of energy and rail transport to which the methodology will be subsequently applied. The main part of...
Analysis and Evaluation of Market and Financial Risks in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises
Maria Hudakova, Jan Dvorsky, Katarina Buganova, Ludmila Kozubikova
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2018, 20(2):16-22 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2018.2.16-22
The essence of the article is based on the collected and processed data from the survey to analyze, assess and evaluate the impact of the factor, which is the number of employees, on the market and financial risks, identified by managers of the SMEs in the Zilina region of Slovakia. The analysis of market and financial risks is carried out through the analysis of the selected statistical characteristics, using the point and interval estimates and methods of mathematical statistics. Interval estimation enables to determine not only the best estimate, but the entire interval with a certain probability of possible estimates of the mean value of the market...
Comparison of the Efficacy of Homemade and Industrially Made ANFO Explosives as an Improvised Explosive Device Charge
Lucia Figuli, Vladimir Kavicky, Stefan Jangl, Zuzana Zvakova
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2018, 20(2):23-27 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2018.2.23-27
More than 95 % of all the terrorist attacks are carried out using the ANFO explosives. The ANFO explosives are explosives made from ammonium nitrate and fuel oil. They can be in three different variants (ammonium nitrate with oil, ammonium nitrate with oil and aluminium powder or ammonium nitrate with oil and TNT). This paper describes analysis of the field test results of ANFO explosives of different types. The efficacy of industrially made and the homemade ANFO explosives is compared and their possible usage in terrorist attacks for the treatment or the damage of critical infrastructure elements is described.
A Simplified Method for Establishing Safe Available Evacuation Time Based on a Descending Smoke Layer
Jiri Pokorny, Vladimir Mozer, Lenka Malerova, Dagmar Dlouha, Peter Wilkinson
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2018, 20(2):28-34 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2018.2.28-34
Keeping the smoke layer at a safe height is one of the most important tenability criteria in assessment of evacuation from buildings. The basis of this approach is an accurate approximation of the fire and smoke plume, which is formed above the fire source. The major variables affecting smoke filling are the fire growth rate and enclosure geometry, i.e. the floor area and height. This paper deals with the implementation of a new method for establishing safe available evacuation time based on the fundamental principles of smoke generation and flow into the national fire safety design standards in the Czech and Slovak Republic. Some of these calculation...
Development and Testing of Rescue Destruction Charges for the Demolition of Statically Unstable Buildings
Stanislav Lichorobiec, Lucia Figuli
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2018, 20(2):35-40 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2018.2.35-40
Due to the industrial accidents (the effects of explosion of improvised explosive devices or gas) or other unexpected events, heavily damaged buildings represent threat to environment. Generally, their damage is so serious that their reconstruction is not considered and the only solution is a demolition. Advantageously emergency shaped explosive charges can be used in these risk situations of buildings that are beyond repair. With such shaped charges is possible to execute a fast and effective implosion of an unstable building without the posing any threathening effects on surrounding, mainly in urban areas. This papers is focused on the design and...
The New Procedure for Identification of Infrastructure Elements Significance in Sub-Sector Railway Transport
Bohus Leitner, David Rehak, Robertas Kersys
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2018, 20(2):41-48 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2018.2.41-48
The paper focuses on the problem of importance/significance elements evaluation in the railway transport infrastructure sub-systems. It contains main features of the proposed theoretical approach to the significance assessment of the key typological elements of railways infrastructure. The research also attempted to design an effective methodology, which allows assessing the significance of infrastructure objects. The purpose of the multi-criteria assessment of selected sections and typological objects is to select the most significant/important ones from the point of view of maintaining the railway operability. The selection is conducted using the...
Theoretical Calculations of Economic Life of Firefighting Appliances Based on Chassis Tatra in the South Moravian Region
Ladislav Janosik, Ivana Janosikova, Pavel Polednak
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2018, 20(2):49-55 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2018.2.49-55
This paper is focused on the evaluation of economic data obtained from operational records of firefighting equipment with a focus on firefighting and rescue appliances, especially on exit vehicles based on the chassis CAS 20 - TATRA T815-231R55 18 325 4x4.2. These vehicles have been operated by professional units of the Fire and Rescue Service in the South Moravian Region since September 2013. The producer of firefighting superstructures WISS GROUP, Bielsko-Biala, Poland, was a supplier of all these vehicles. The paper's aim is to specify the optimum lifetime of the firefighting vehicles by the analysis of firefighting vehicles' economical operation....
Application of a Priori and a Posteriori Estimate on Risk Assessment
Lenka Sivakova, Anna Zubkova, Witalis Pellowski
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2018, 20(2):56-61 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2018.2.56-61
The problem of setting the values and interconnections between elements of the models in the safety, protection and security field, appears as the biggest obstacle in taking crisis management decisions. The article attempts to represent a mathematical approach to modify the expected values and interconnections that can occur in the models describing the protected system in order to minimize errors caused by subjectivity. Here presented procedures are described in the examples of their potential use. The main idea is to focus on improving estimates for better response to reality, then to find new estimates, since those would still be weighed down by...
Societal Vulnerability to Impacts of Extreme Weather Events on Land Transport Infrastructure Societal Vulnerability to Impacts
Maria Luskova, Michal Titko, Alan O'Connor
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2018, 20(2):62-67 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2018.2.62-67
The paper is focused on understanding how failure of land transport infrastructure leads to societal vulnerability. It presents the multilevel approach to societal vulnerability measuring. The level of the societal vulnerability is expressed through the Vulnerability Index, which is calculated based on the vulnerability indicators. Identification and selection of those indicators are based on definition of vulnerability as a function of exposure, susceptibility to change and capacity to adapt to that change.
Testing Radio Signal Range of Selected Components
Andrej Velas, Tomas Lovecek, Jan Valouch, Jacek Dworzecki, Eva Vnencakova
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2018, 20(2):68-77 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2018.2.68-77
The radio signals range of selected wireless components of security systems is defined by the area within which components can communicate properly. In practice, the range of communication between components is often insufficiently taken into account, which results in the system malfunction. There are cases where the radio signal range of wireless components was inadequate due to use in an environment constructed from non-transmitting materials.The installation of wireless systems requires the implementation of a testing methodology of radio-communication range and its continuous improvement. Currently, the procedures within EN 50 131-5-3 and EN 300...
Behaver - Behavioural Patterns Verification for Prevention of Physical Penetration Using Identity Theft
Zuzana Kurillova, Lukas Fischer, Thomas Hoch
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2018, 20(2):78-82 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2018.2.78-82
Nowadays every provider of critical infrastructure is obliged to use alarm systems - mainly simple surveillance CCTV cameras - to increase security and safety of those objects. Yet such systems have proven ineffectual in preventing security disrupting situations, such as identity theft, as the most they can do is offer evidence to identify perpetrators of criminal acts once they have occurred. To use them for crime prevention, specially trained personnel need to monitor all screens constantly on the look-out for potentially dangerous activity - which is financially and time-consuming and prone to mistakes. This study aims at developing semi-automatic...
Hacking, Protection and the Consequences of Hacking Hacking, Protection and the Consequences of Hacking
Zoran Cekerevac, Zdenek Dvorak, Ludmila Prigoda, Petar Cekerevac
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2018, 20(2):83-87 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2018.2.83-87
Understanding the term hacking as any unconventional way of interacting with some system it is easy to conclude that there are enormous number of people who hacked or tried to hack someone or something. The article, as result of author research, analyses hacking from different points of view, including hacker's point of view as well as the defender's point of view. Here are discussed questions like: Who are the hackers? Why do people hack? Law aspects of hacking, as well as some economic issues connected with hacking. At the end, some questions about victim protection are discussed together with the weakness that hackers can use for their own protection....
Logistics During Population and Animals Evacuation in Case of Extraordinary Incidents and Crisis Events
Marcin Paweska, Jozef Ristvej
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2018, 20(2):88-95 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2018.2.88-95
Evacuation is one of the main tasks of administration and its forces and resources in different types of extraordinary events, as well as natural and anthropogenic (non-military and military events) unusual/emergency situations. Evacuation at the level of normative acts and plans is precisely defined and categorized. Existing normative documents and regulations are described in detail and govern to carry out the evacuation of population. This is not the case for animal and property evacuation, which is often treated in general terms and considered to be organized in similar manner to evacuation of people. In the evacuation process of animals, the specific...
Mechanical Characteristics of Cylinder Pin Tumbler Locks as They Relate to Resistance Testing
Martin Boros, Anton Siser, Zoran Kekovic, Jan Mazal
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2018, 20(2):96-101 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2018.2.96-101
In recent years, there has been a great development of methodologies, procedures and software tools for quantitative assessment of reliability, efficiency and effectiveness of physical protection systems. Absence of some important input values, as well as missing method to obtain them, is still the most serious problem. This paper is focused on analysis of possibilities how to obtain delay time values in the case of cylinder pin tumbler locks using non-destructive methods of breaking. In the introduction of the article, a proposal of the methodology for testing the mechanical resistance of cylinder pin tumbler locks is elaborated. Consequently, the...
A Software Tool to Support the Selection of Candidates in Private Security Services
Valeria Moricova, Monika Vaclavkova, Jana Studena, Bo Wang
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2018, 20(2):102-109 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2018.2.102-109
Nowadays the protection of life, health and property of individuals is in the centre of public interest. There is not a distinction between the provision of such protection by private or public sector. The private security services play an important role in protection of persons and property. The subjects of protection are not only people and property, but also sensitive information which is relevant for the state interest or business entities. Based on research, the private security services do not make a selection of employees systematically. One of the reasons is the absence of an analysis of candidates' personal competencies which should take into...
Resilience and Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure Resilience and Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure
Petr Hruza
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2018, 20(2):110-114 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2018.2.110-114
The article deals with resilience and protection of critical information infrastructure elements. The elements affect rapid recovery of the system to its original state and the increase of resistance during the subsequent emergency events. The article also deals with sectoral and cross-sectional criteria for determining the critical information infrastructure elements, which are closely related to resilience and protection. Risk assessment has been conducted in the area of critical information infrastructure. Finally, amendments of the Czech Cyber Security Act have been mentioned.
Introduction to Voluntary Evacuation Risk Assessment
Pawel Gromek
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2018, 20(2):115-120 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2018.2.115-120
Taking into consideration safety and security viewpoints of persons and property protection, evacuation as common protection mean is well known. Actually, object state-of-the-art comprises solutions generally based on experience gathered in countries much more affected by mass threats as Central Europe nationalities. Voluntary evacuation is treated as the most common evacuation form. Article presents the comparison of research conducted in USA and Poland defining voluntary evacuation scale as a significant risk factor. The evacuation risk influence determinants are described and risk assessment guidelines are performed. The guidelines are related to...
Checking The Hydraulic Efficiency and Improving Safety of the Internal Water Supply
Sarka Krocova, Karla Barcova
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2018, 20(2):121-125 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2018.2.121-125
Water management systems in industrial facilities, industrial zones, hospitals and other internal water systems relatively frequently fail to meet the intended purpose for which they were built when an extraordinary event occurs. They may even pose a safety hazard. The causes of this condition may be of internal or external origin. Given that internal water supply systems of large premises always have a multipurpose character, i.e. to provide enough drinking water for drinking and sanitation purposes and also as a source of fire water for the fire safety of buildings, they must meet a wide range of hydraulic conditions and technical-operational capabilities....
Erratum
Errata: Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina, Vol. 20, No.1, 2018, "On Frequency Estimation for Partially Observed System with Small Noises in State and Observation Equations", pp. 67-72.
Oleg V. Chernoyarov, Yury A. Kutoyants, Mariana Marcokova
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2018, 20(2):126 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2018.2.126
Errata: Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina, Vol. 20, No.1, 2018, "On Frequency Estimation for Partially Observed System with Small Noises in State and Observation Equations", pp. 67-72. The third author should have the number 3 at the name, i. e. 3 Mariana Marcokova and two affiliations as follows: 3 Department of Structural Mechanics and Applied Mathematics, University of Zilina, Slovakia and Department of Electronics and Nanoelectronics, National Research University "Moscow Power Engineering Institute", Russia.