Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina, 2025 (vol. 27), issue 2
Operation and Economics in Transport
Integrating Pestle and Swot for Advancing Sustainable Inland Waterway Transportation: Insights from West Java, Indonesia
Ade Ratih Ispandiari, Ibnu Fauzi, Nanda Yustina, Zulfa Qonita
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2025, 27(2):A1-A12 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2025.022 
The potential and challenges of Inland Waterway Transportation (IWT) in West Java, Indonesia were examined in this research, with a focus on sustainability using the SWOT and PESTLE analyses. Key findings show that IWT provides significant environmental benefits, such as reduced carbon emissions, and supports social equity through affordable and accessible transport. However, challenges include sedimentation, water hyacinth proliferation, poor waste management, infrastructure deficiencies and high investment costs. Overcoming these obstacles requires strategic planning that emphasises centralisation of governance, modernisation of infrastructure, environmental...
Shopping Trip Modelling Considering the Impact of Martial Law
Mykola Zhuk, Halyna Pivtorak, Yevhen Pruskyi, Mykola Skyba
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2025, 27(2):A13-A26 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2025.023
The purchasing behavior of the population affects both passenger and freight traffic in cities. On the contrary, indicators of purchasing behavior are influenced by the characteristics of an individual, as well as external factors. The purpose of the conducted research was to analyze the population's purchasing behavior under martial law conditions. Data was collected by surveying residents of Ukraine's rear regions. Multinomial models of the frequency of purchases and transportation choice during shopping were formed. Martial law conditions and changes in the population size in the rear regions, change the general trends in purchasing behavior. The...
Indonesian Aviation Act 1/2009: An Examination and the Quest for Reform in Certain Issues
Adhy Riadhy Arafah, Rosa Ristawati, Kautsar Ismail, Gerlyana Shafa Putri Hardriani
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2025, 27(2):A27-A39 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2025.030
Indonesian Aviation Act 1/2009, which has been adopted for more than 14 years ago, was made to accommodate the ICAO's Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP) findings in 2007, which highlighted the need for legislative changes to reduce air transport accidents in Indonesia. The Act regulates two aspects of aviation activity, covering the public and private. The public sector regulates aircraft activities in Indonesia's airspace, certain issues are missed owing to (the) controversy over its legal terminology. In the private sector, the jurisdiction issue and applicability of the Act have consequently regarding the applicability of the Montreal...
Mechanical Engineering in Transport
A Systemic Approach to Formalized Description of Factors Affecting the Brake System Elements of Wagon Bogies
Sergii Panchenko, Juraj Gerlici, Alyona Lovska, Vasyl Ravlyuk
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2025, 27(2):B85-B95 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2025.016
The article highlights the results of the traffic safety analysis conducted in the wagon industry of Ukrainian Railways. Based on this study, it was found that the largest number of transport accidents are caused by the braking equipment of wagons. The study is based on the statistical data on malfunctions of the mechanical part of the brake equipment of bogies, in particular, those caused by the wear of wagon brake pads. The results obtained were arranged and processed in the data analysis and visualization program STATISTIKA. Using a systemic approach, the structural, technological and operational factors that affect the reliability and...
Improving the Energy Efficiency of the Explosive Pulse during Drilling and Blasting Operations to Increase the Quality of Crushing and Conditions for Conveyor Delivery of Overburden Rocks in Quarries and Sections
Tasbulat Monbolovich Igbaev, Nurlan Asylkhanovich Daniyarov, Adilbek Kazbekovich Kelisbekov, Arsen Zakirovich Akashev
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2025, 27(2):B96-B108 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2025.024
Widespread application of advanced transportation technologies in conditions of open-pit mining with the use of high-capacity belt conveyors is limited by the need for additional crushing of overburden rocks and minerals. Accordingly, the quality of crushing of rock mass, the output of oversize during drilling and blasting operations at quarries and open-pit operations significantly affect the possibility of using flow and cyclic-flow technologies with the use of conveyor transport. In this paper is presented a method of increasing the energy efficiency of the explosive pulse in drilling and blasting operations by means of developed gas pedal designs...
The Strength Calculation of the Modernized Brake Lever Transmission for a Wagon Bogie
Sergii Panchenko, Juraj Gerlici, Alyona Lovska, Vasyl Ravlyuk
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2025, 27(2):B109-B117 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2025.027
The article highlights is determination of the main strength indicators of the modernized brake lever transmission for a wagon bogie. The special feature of this modernization is that the technological pin-hole in the strut is displaced by 112 ± 2 mm towards the bolster beam, i.e., in line with the pendulum joints. This helps to eliminate abnormal wear of the brake pads in operation. To substantiate the proposed modernization, the strength of the brake lever transmission was calculated. It was found that the maximum equivalent stresses were 124 MPa; they occurred in the tension member. The resulting stresses did not exceed the permissible...
Redundant Constraints in Crane Disc Brake Mechanism: Effect and Disposal Perspectives
Vladyslav Protsenko, Volodymyr Malashchenko, Mykhaylo Babii, Valentyn Nastasenko, Roman Protasov, František Brumerčík, Marek Macko
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2025, 27(2):B118-B125 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2025.029
In this paper is considered a promising design of the braking disk mechanism of a construction crane. The analysis of the kinematics of the brake pad drive has shown that due to redundant links in the brake pad drive mechanism the latter are not able to self-align. This leads to uneven braking torque during the smooth braking, overloads and deterioration of the positioning accuracy of the load suspended on the cable. Based on the methods of analyzing the kinematics of complex mechanisms, two variants of modernization without redundant links are proposed. Both variants can be realized without changing the kinematics of the mechanism, but they differ...
Electrical Engineering in Transport
Internet of Vehicles Security Improvement Based Controller Area Network and Artificial Intelligence
Ibraheem Hatem Mohammed
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2025, 27(2):C14-C23 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2025.017
The Internet of Vehicle (IoV) is revolutionizing the automobile sector by allowing vehicles to interact between them and with roadside infrastructure. The Controller Area Network (CAN) is a vital component of such Autonomous vehicles (AVs), allowing communication between various Electronic Control Units (ECUs). However, the CAN protocol's intrinsic lack of security renders it opens to a variety of cyber-attacks, posing substantial hazards to both safety and privacy. This research proposes a defence mechanism for the real-time threat detection. It investigates the use of deep learning with multi-layer perceptron to improve the security of CAN networks...
Enhanced Buck Converter with Universal Model for the Switched Voltage Regulators
Dobroslav Kováč, Irena Kováčová
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2025, 27(2):C24-C35 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2025.026
This article presents the enhancement and refinement of a simulation model for an integrated universal switched voltage regulator compatible with PSPICE software. The model enables users to create representations of any specific type of switched voltage regulator currently available on the market. The described regulator model is practically applied in widely used configurations of buck converters, including applications in transportation. The accuracy of the regulator model is verified by comparing the simulated waveforms of the converter to those provided in its datasheet. Additionally, the model is employed for the design and simulation analysis...
Mathematical Modelling of Hybrid Powertrain Systems for Improved Energy Efficiency
Oleg Lyashuk, Victor Aulin, Roman Rohatynskiy, Ivan Gevko, Andriy Gypka, Dmytro Mironov, Volodymyr Martyniuk, Artur Lutsyk, Nadia Denysiuk
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2025, 27(2):C36-C52 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2025.028
The development and simulation of a mathematical model for a hybrid powertrain vehicle, aiming to optimize its energy efficiency and dynamic performance is presented in this study. Implemented in MATLAB/Simulink, the model captures the dynamic interactions between the hybrid system's components, including the internal combustion engine, electric motor, and battery. By conducting a full factorial experiment, the specific power of the hybrid vehicle was analyzed, revealing the critical influence of factors such as driving speed, road gradient, and battery state of charge. The proposed model demonstrated a discrepancy of 4-11% between the simulated and...
Civil Engineering in Transport
Developing a Speed-Based Congestion Severity Index Using the Clustering Technique for Developing Countries
Malaya Mohanty, Satya Ranjan Samal, Kundan Samal
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2025, 27(2):D67-D75 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2025.020
A novel approach for traffic congestion assessment has been presented using percentile speeds as key indicators, focusing on urban roads. By evaluating the 98th, 85th, and 15th percentile speeds, authors of the research developed a congestion severity index, offering a more precise and intuitive method for analyzing traffic flow compared to traditional travel time-based indices. Key congestion indices, such as the Planning Time Index (PTI) and Travel Time Index (TTI) were compared to percentile speeds, revealing a significant association with the 15th and 85th percentile speeds. The K-means clustering technique was applied to classify congestion severity...
Revisiting Pcu Values of Various Vehicles in Mixed Traffic Conditions: Estimation and Comparison
Amir Ali Khan, Sachin Dass
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2025, 27(2):D76-D89 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2025.025
This study is an attempt to derive and to compare the Passenger Car Unit (PCU) values of vehicle types present in the stream, obtained using the Chandra's method, homogeneous coefficient method, speed-based modelling, and multiple linear regression method. Using the data collected from five sites of Sonipat City with varying traffic and geometric characteristics, it was found that Chandra's method is the best method to derive the PCU values in heterogeneous traffic conditions on divided urban roads. The PCU values obtained from Chandra's method are closer to IRC (Indian Roads Congress) code values. The PCU value of e-rickshaw was also estimated in...
Management Science and Informatics in Transport
Assessing the Risks of a Freight Forwarder Entering the Transport Market with Stochastic Demand
Vitalii Naumov, Guldana Nugymanova, Ihor Taran, Yana Litvinova
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2025, 27(2):E11-E20 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2025.018
This research investigates freight forwarders' operational risks when entering a new transport market characterized by stochastic demand. A simulation model was developed to represent the service request flow potentially experienced by a freight forwarder in a new market. The proposed model incorporates key operational parameters such as average request interval, service tariff, and request processing time. Based on the simulation results, a regression model was developed to predict the market entry risk. The obtained model demonstrates that the risk increases with longer average request intervals between service requests and decreases with higher...
Dynamic Routing in Urban Transport Logistics under Limited Traffic Information
Viktor Danchuk, Oleksandr Hutarevych, Serhii Taraban
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2025, 27(2):E21-E34 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2025.021
A method for online dynamic routing of freight delivery under limited traffic information using an ant colony algorithm, has been proposed. This method leverages real-time IoT data on traffic flow (TF) intensity from traffic sensors on urban road network (URN) sections, combined with averaged historical data on TF parameters (speed, density, intensity) obtained from traffic sensors on representative sections of homogeneous clusters within the URN. The procedure for forming homogeneous clusters within the URN and identifying representative sections is described. The results of simulation studies using the URN of Kyiv as an example indicate the potential...
Safety and Security Engineering in Transport
Impact of Fog Levels on Free-Flow Speeds in Mixed Traffic Conditions
Angshuman Pandit, Anuj Kishor Budhkar
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2025, 27(2):F1-F12 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2025.019
The effect of fog levels on drivers' free-flow speeds for various vehicles in mixed traffic conditions is examined in this research. Visibility and free-flow speeds from eight highways are simultaneously collected and analyzed. The findings show distinct driver behavior patterns under different fog conditions. In dense fog, small visibility improvements lead to linear speed increases, while in light fog, speeds are mostly unchanged, though drivers maintain higher speeds than in clear conditions. Regardless of a vehicle type, driving patterns in fog are similar, though specific speeds differ. Cars tend to drive dangerously fast, while trucks remain...