Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina, 2022 (vol. 24), issue 1
Operation and Economics in Transport
The Costs of Charging Electric Vehicles in Poland
Ewelina Sendek-Matysiak, Hubert Rzędowski
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(1):A1-A11 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.1.A1-A11 
The very important factor that influences the decision of those interested in buying a vehicle is its operating costs. This paper determines the costs of driving 100 km for various electric vehicles, charging service providers and chargers, which was then confronted with the costs of refueling. Based on the analysis carried out, it was determined that, at present, the lowest costs of fueling/charging of a vehicle in Poland are connected with use of an electric vehicle, but only when the charging is performed with use of public AC chargers. Moreover, it was determined that the savings that will result from charging electric vehicles at AC charging stations...
Analysis of the Traffic Parameters on a Section in the City of the National Road during Several Years of Operation
Andrzej Bąkowski, Leszek Radziszewski
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(1):A12-A25 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.1.A12-A25
The study carried out an analysis of the vehicle traffic parameters on a national road in 2011-2016. The variability and uncertainty of results were evaluated. An analysis of traffic data recorded on the city's entry and exit lanes was carried out. The variations in traffic volume are of interest e.g. in dynamic traffic management systems and navigation services, examining the benefits of flexible work time and places and assessing the environmental effects of traffic congestion. Research has shown that the assumption that lanes perform equally is not always true. Traffic volume models should be periodically calibrated taking into account the shape...
Mixed Fuzzy-Logic and Game-Theoretical Approach to Justify Vehicle Models for Servicing the Public Bus Line
Vitalii Naumov, Laura Bekmagambetova, Zukhra Bitileuova, Zhumazhan Zhanbirov, Igor Taran
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(1):A26-A34 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.1.A26-A34
One of the main problems to be solved by the transport operators is the substantiation of the vehicle models servicing the transport lines. A game-theoretical approach is proposed in this paper to justify the bus model choice based on the passengers' preferences and the structure of the passenger flows. To estimate the customers' preferences, the membership functions for fuzzy sets of the optimal vehicle models were defined. The simulation experiment aiming to estimate the city fleet structure in terms of the vehicles' capacity was conducted for the Talas city (Kazakhstan) based on the proposed approach with use of the corresponding software implementation...
Mechanical Engineering in Transport
Determination of Thermomechanical Stresses in Elements of Vehicles' Braking Systems
Oleksii Grevtsev, Ninel Selivanova, Pavlo Popovych, Liubomyr Poberezhny, Yurii Rudyak, Oksana Shevchuk, Liubov Poberezhna, Olena Skyba, Viktor Ostroverkhov, Oleksandr Shashkevych
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(1):B1-B8 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.1.B1-B8
The main objective of the study was to develop a model and analyze the thermomechanical behavior of the hub material of the vehicle brake disk. The simulation strategy was based on the solution of the three-dimensional problem of the theory of elasticity for the case of effect of external loads and temperature fields on the metal structure element of the vehicle brakes. To solve this type of task of the theory of elasticity, the differential equations of the second order were used for the first time. Adaptation of the proposed model, completed in the article, has proved the correctness of use of these equations in modeling the thermomechanical processes...
Dynamic Modelling of Piston the Motion in Combustion Engines
Sunny Narayan, Shitu Abubakar, Muhammad Usman Kaisan, Hauwa Ndagi, Yunusa Tukur, Ivan Grujić, Nadica Stojanović
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(1):B9-B19 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.1.B9-B19
The presented work discusses a methodology for analysis of noise emissions from a diesel engine. A numerical model of the piston motion, analyzing its lateral, reciprocating and rotation motion, has been presented in order to investigate the lateral motion of the piston skirt assembly and resulting vibrations induced as a result of these motions in the engine block. Various parameters of modal analysis were obtained using the mobility analysis. The presented methodology was validated by data obtained from a diesel engine test set up. The predicted results matched well with those of measured data, hence validating the presented scheme.
Simulation of a Dummy Crash Test in Adams
Marek Jaśkiewicz, Damian Frej, Miloš Poliak
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(1):B20-B28 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.1.B20-B28
The article presents a model designed dummy for crash test in ADAMS. The simulated model dummy has dimensions, shapes and mass corresponding to a 50-percentile man. The simulation program allows modification of the dummy parameters. It allows to study the dynamics of motion, distribution of forces and loads of individual parts of the body of the simulated model. The article describes the design process and how to select the appropriate stiffness and damping joints for the simulated dummy. The article contains the results of simulation crash tests performed in the ADAMS program, which were compared to results of the Hybryd III dummy physical crash test....
Construction of the Geometrical Models of a Multiple-Factor Optimization of the Technical and Operating Parameters of the Trolleybuses with an Autonomous Move Margin
Serhii Pustiulha, Volodymyr Samchuk, Valerii Dembitskyi, Viktor Samostian, Valentyn Prydiuk
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(1):B29-B40 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.1.B29-B40
While introducing into a system of passenger traffic the ecologically clean vehicles, namely the electric buses, a task of providing them with a rational move margin is actual. This problem is especially acute while using the trolleybuses with an autonomous move at urban and suburban routes.
Proposal of a Method for Detection of a Damaged Hydraulic Shock Absorber in a Vehicle's Suspension System
Mykola Gorbunov, Ján Dižo, Miroslav Blatnický, Kateryna Kravchenko, Stanislav Semenov, Evgeny Mikhailov
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(1):B41-B48 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.1.B41-B48
In principle, every vehicle is equipped by a suspension system, which usually consists of springs and shock absorbers. The main purpose of the suspension system is to eliminate vibration of sprung and unsprung masses. Therefore, the proper operation conditions of the shock absorbers affect in a fundamental way total running properties of vehicles. However, during operation, shock absorbers are being worn out or they can even be damaged. Then, such a situation is unwanted and it has to be detected as soon as possible. The content of this article is focused on analysis of vehicles' shock absorbers defects. Methods for detection of possible shock absorbers...
Electric or Internal Combustion Engines for Passenger Cars? - Environmental and Economic Aspects
Zoran Čekerevac, Zdeněk Dvořák, Lyudmila Prigoda
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(1):B49-B58 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.1.B49-B58
The paper is focused on fuels, their users - engines and the end-user, the vehicles, from an environmental and economic point of view. The basic characteristics of potential fuels for internal combustion engines, as well as possible sources of electricity, are analysed. A comparative analysis of characteristics of vehicle propulsion with gasoline, diesel fuel, compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas and electricity was performed. The research has shown that the application of vehicles with an electric motor is ecologically justified only in cases of obtaining electricity in an environmentally friendly way and that in other cases there is no...
The Effects of Biodiesel on NOx Emissions for Automotive Transport
Ruslana Kolodnytska, Oleksandr Kravchenko, Juraj Gerlici, Kateryna Kravchenko
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(1):B59-B66 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.1.B59-B66
Automobiles with internal combustion engine using diesel fuel have large harmful emissions of nitrogen oxides and soot, which affect the health of the population and especially children and carbon dioxide, which is dangerous for the planet as a whole. Biodiesel is used in Europe as an additive to diesel fuel to reduce soot emissions (including carcinogens), as well as to improve the balance of carbon dioxide on the planet. Using the biodiesel in internal combustion engines tends to show higher nitrogen oxides emissions compared to diesel. In this paper, the impact of flame temperature, ignition delay and density on NOx formation of biodiesel and its...
A Critical Review of Biofuels as an Alternative Fuel to Diesel in Gulf Regional Corporation (GCC) Region: Current Market Trends and Future Opportunitie
Faisal O. Mahroogi, Sunny Narayan, Muhammad Usman Kaisan, Abdulkabir Aliyu, Ibrahim Yahuza, Ivan Grujić, Nadica Stojanović
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(1):B67-B73 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.1.B67-B73
Bio Fuels are considered as good alternatives for conventional fossil fuels. By the year 2020, in the GCC region these fuels are able to meet around 0.5 - 1 % of total transportation fuel demand. This industry grew at rate of 3.4 % over the period of 2015-2020 with a strong projected growth in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Bio fuels are used to operate automotive for mining and construction industries. Critical barriers in foreign investments pose a major challenge for growth of this sector in the GCC region.
Analysis of the Powertrain Component Size of Electrified Vehicles Commercially Available on the Market
Ruzimov Sanjarbek, Jamshid Mavlonov, Akmal Mukhitdinov
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(1):B74-B86 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.1.B74-B86
The paper aims to present an analysis of the component sizes of commercially available vehicles with electrified powertrains. The paper provides insight into how the powertrain components (an internal combustion engine, an electric motor and a battery) of mass production electrified vehicles are sized. The data of wide range of mass production electrified vehicles are collected and analyzed. Firstly, the main requirements to performance of a vehicle are described. The power values to meet the main performance requirements are calculated and compared to the real vehicle data. Based on the calculated values of the power requirements the minimum sizes...
Development of a Procedure for Determining the Pre-Failure Condition of the Axle Boxes of Railway Rolling Stock
Igor Martynov, Juraj Gerlici, Alyona Trufanova, Vadim Petuhov, Vadim Shovkun, Kateryna Kravchenko
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(1):B87-B93 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.1.B87-B93
It has been determined that the greatest risk of an error in determining the technical condition of the axle box unit in the so-called "zone of uncertainty" is in the impossibility of unambiguously assessing its technical condition. To solve this problem, a model is proposed in the form of an n-dimensional radius vector, which has a direction towards an increase in the probability of failure and a deterioration in its parameters' values. Such a model for determining the axle box unit's pre-failure condition will reduce the risk of errors in decision-making.
Verification of the Thermal Expansion Effect of Silicone Molds Intended for Production of the Prototype Components Using Vacuum Casting Technology
Peter Spišák, Róbert Sásik, Ján Steininger, Jozef Jenis
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(1):B94-B98 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.1.B94-B98
The article deals with vacuum casting technology and especially with the assessment of the influence of the tempering temperature of silicone molds on the dimensions of future castings. The aim was to evaluate the actual size of the castings, using different tempering temperatures of the molds and different casting materials. After examining the resulting dimensions of the individual castings, a procedure was established by which these effects could be minimized. In the end, a test of the proposed procedure is performed, which confirmed its correctness.
Electrical Engineering in Transport
Redundant Multi-Object Detection for Autonomous Vehicles in Structured Environments
Stefano Feraco, Angelo Bonfitto, Nicola Amati, Andrea Tonoli
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(1):C1-C17 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.1.C1-C17
This paper presents a redundant multi-object detection method for autonomous driving, exploiting a combination of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and stereocamera sensors to detect different obstacles. These sensors are used for distinct perception pipelines considering a custom hardware/software architecture deployed on a self-driving electric racing vehicle. Consequently, the creation of a local map with respect to the vehicle position enables development of further local trajectory planning algorithms. The LiDAR-based algorithm exploits segmentation of point clouds for the ground filtering and obstacle detection. The stereocamera-based perception...
Artificial Neural Network Based Mppt Algorithm for Modern Household with Electric Vehicle
Ján Morgoš, Peter Klčo, Karol Hrudkay
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(1):C18-C26 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.1.C18-C26
This paper deals with implementation of artificial neural network in the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller algorithm for modern household where electric vehicle (EV) was purchased. The proposed MPPT algorithm was designed to achieve the best possible efficiency of the MPP (maximum power point) tracking and the best possible energy harvesting to charge the EV's battery. The artificial neural networks have strong advantage in fast input to output response of signals and the finding of MPP is faster than in commonly used algorithms. In this article, the optimised simulation model based on artificial neural network will be introduced. The...
Civil Engineering in Transport
Temperature Correction of Deflections and Backcalculated Elasticity Moduli Determined from Falling Weight Deflectometer Measurements on Asphalt Pavements
Ilja Březina, Ondřej Machel, Tomáš Zavřel
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(1):D1-D8 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.1.D1-D8
The evaluation of the bearing capacity of asphalt pavements is usually performed by analysing the deflections measured by a Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD). The deflection changes with the pavement temperature. In evaluation is necessary to consider the thermal gradient of pavement and perform the temperature correction. The article contains an analysis of effects of the pavement temperature on FWD results on the long-term monitored sections. The temperature correction was performed on measured deflections or back-calculated elasticity moduli. The moduli recalculated to the temperature of 20 °C according to both procedures were similar. Comparison...
The Stress-Strain State of the Tunnel Lining That Crosses the Fault Zone of Soil Blocks during an Earthquake
Mark R. Miller, Evgeniy Y. Titov, Sergey S. Kharitonov, Yong Fang
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(1):D9-D22 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.1.D9-D22
The study examines the question of the tunnel behavior under seismic or geophysical load in the zone of changes in the hardness of the surrounding soil mass. In the course of the study, the internal forces and displacements arising in the structure of a tunnel in the zone of intersection of the boundaries of soil layers with different properties, in the case when these layers move relative to each other, were determined by analytical and numerical solutions. The data obtained by the analytical method was compared to numerical models using practical examples.
Ensuring Operational Reliability of Overpass On "Almaty-Kapshagai" Highway Section in Kazakhstan
Assylkhan Jalairov, Dauren Kumar, Khaini-Kamal Kassymkanova, Gulshat Murzalina, Gulnar Jangulova
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(1):D23-D36 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.1.D23-D36
The article presents results of the overpass condition survey, technical survey, static tests and assessment of the structure operational reliability, a double-decker overpass on Almaty-Kapshagai highway section in Kazakhstan.
Dynamic Response of a Road Bridge Subjected to Passing a Heavy Vehicle over a Standard Irregularity - Numerical Modelling and Experimental Testing
Milan Moravčík
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(1):D37-D45 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.1.D37-D45
The paper presents an analysis of an actual problem related to dynamic effects to road bridges due to travelling a heavy vehicle over the bridge. Numerical simulations of the dynamic response are applied on a fictitious simple beam of the length Lb = 52 m with an artificial irregularity at mid-span, corresponding to a characteristic span L(b5) = 52 m of the ten-span continuous box girder bridge. A heavy four-axle truck mv = 32 t is used for dynamic excitation, travelling over the bridge at passing speed of 70 km / h. The obtained results are...
Management Science and Informatics in Transport
Measuring the Speed of Docking Ship with Total Station
Andrzej Felski
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(1):E1-E10 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.1.E1-E10
The big modern ships are the largest mobile objects that exist in nowadays world. Their huge mass and length in combination with their limited maneuverability can result in the risk of extreme destructions of the infrastructure, as well as environment, in the case of even minor malfunction of any of its elements. The main danger is the kinetic energy of such a colossus and in these circumstances the accuracy of information on the ship's speed becomes particularly important. This is the reason of a growing interest in various systems designed to support harbor pilots during the maneuvers. The most popular ones are based on laser-measurement of the distance,...
Bathymetric Measurements of the Vistula Smiala River Mouth with the Use of a Hydrographic Manned Vessel
Michal Skrzypek, Blażej Mach
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(1):E11-E18 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.1.E11-E18
The aim of the article was to present the characteristics of conducting bathymetric measurements of a water area by means of a manned watercraft. The survey was performed in a body of water that is relatively shallow and frequently used by water sports enthusiasts. The results of the study described the shape of the bottom of the marina studied and identified dangerous places for vehicles moving on it. It was proved that using a manned vessel is dangerous or impossible to make measurements near the pier where the yachts were moored and areas where the depth was less than 1 meter. Using the points recorded by the Lowrance HDS Carbon 9 echo sounder,...
Bathymetric Measurements of a Retention Reservoir Using Integrated Hydrographic and Photogrammetric Techniques
Błażej Mach, Michał Skrzypek
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(1):E19-E27 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.1.E19-E27
The purpose of this paper was to determine the usability of unmanned hydrographic drones and photogrammetric techniques during the conduct of work, the results of which are potentially to serve as navigational materials in areas that, due to their characteristics, make it impossible to carry out research using crew vessels and direct shoreline determination. In order to prepare and carry out the measurement campaign with the greatest possible accuracy and safety, the authors of the article decided to determine the shoreline of the analyzed reservoir using photogrammetric methods. The use of satellite images allowed the border between land and water...
Aircraft Position Prediction during the Crosswind Approach
Marek Grzegorzewski, Jerzy Biały
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(1):E28-E35 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.1.E28-E35
Testing the impact of the drag coefficient on an F16 aircraft model, depending on the angle of attack was performed. First, a navigation model was introduced describing the preliminary and computational assumptions of the model. The final part of the present paper contains the relationships between the wind angle and the wind correction angle at the angle of attack = 00, = 110, = 130 for a full-scale F-16 aircraft. The tables present results of all the calculations for individual angles of attack, taking into account variable wind angles relative to the longitudinal axis of the runway. The values show the corrections...
Processing of the Results of Satellite Inland Positioning Transport Using Mobile Devices and Their Visualization
Małgorzata Kulas
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(1):E36-E48 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.1.E36-E48
The issue of spatial data visualization is currently an important element in the positioning and navigation process. The constant trend in increasing the accuracy and availability of position modules affects the widespread use of the mobile devices in transport. The paper presents creation of a three-dimensional visualization model based on ground tracks recorded in NMEA (National Marine Electronics Association) and GPX (GPS Exchange Format) formats. Additionally, the study presents an analysis of the positioning accuracy including the sky obstructions presence and the instantaneous state of the satellite constellation. The significant deterioration...