Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2021, 23(1):A1-A13 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.1.A1-A13

Assessing the Energy Efficiency of an Electric Car

František Synák ORCID...1, Matej Kučera ORCID...2, Tomáš Skrúcaný ORCID...1
1 Department of Road and Urban Transport, Faculty of Operation and Economics of Transport and Communications, University of Zilina, Zilina, Slovakia
2 Department of Measurement and Applied Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Zilina, Zilina, Slovakia

Electric car does not supply all the electric energy, obtained from the electric network, to the wheels in the form of mechanical energy. During such a transformation, a part of this energy is lost. The article endeavours to determine the energy efficiency of selected electric car. The electric car used for measurements is not from the batch production since that is a vehicle designed at University of Zilina. The efficiency has been observed while driving under the conditions of amended methodology of New European Driving Cycle (NEDC). The measured value of electric car's efficiency is being analyzed from the energy consumption, as well as emission production, points of view.

Keywords: electric car; energy efficiency; emissions; road traffic

Received: March 31, 2020; Accepted: May 16, 2020; Prepublished online: October 22, 2020; Published: January 4, 2021  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Synák, F., Kučera, M., & Skrúcaný, T. (2021). Assessing the Energy Efficiency of an Electric Car. Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina, 23(1), A1-13. doi: 10.26552/com.C.2021.1.A1-A13
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. WU, Z., LING, R., TANG, R. Dynamic battery equalization with energy and time efficiency for electric vehicles. Energy Procedia [online]. 2017, 141, p. 937-948. ISSN 1876-6102. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.09.129 Go to original source...
    2. HAMSAVARTHINI, Y., KANTHALAKSHMI, S. Technologies in battery management system - a review. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research. 2020, 9(2), p. 1324-1330. ISSN 2277-8616.
    3. AJANOVIC, A., HAAS, R. Economic and environmental prospects for battery electric- and fuel cell vehicles: a review. Fuel cells [online]. 2019, 19(5), p. 515-529. eISSN 1615-6854. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/fuce.201800171 Go to original source...
    4. HUANG, Y. Q., MEI, P., LU, Y. J., HUANG, R., YU, X., CHEN, Z., ROSKILLY, A. P. A novel approach for Lithium-ion battery thermal management with streamline shape mini channel cooling plates. Applied Thermal Engineering [online]. 2019, 157, 113623. ISSN 1359-4311. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.04.033 Go to original source...
    5. WANG, S., LI, J., SHI, D., Sun, X., Yao, Y. Energy management strategy of dual planetary hybrid electric vehicle based on optimal transmission efficiency. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics [online]. 2019, 57(2), p. 383-396. ISSN 1429-2955, eISSN 2543-6309. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15632/jtam-pl/104591 Go to original source...
    6. CHEN, B., EVANGELOU, SA., LOT, R. Hybrid electric vehicle two-step fuel efficiency optimization with decoupled energy management and speed control. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology [online]. 2019, 68(12), p. 11492-11504. ISSN 0018-9545. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2019.2948192 Go to original source...
    7. WANG, F., ZHANG, J., XU, X., CAI, Y., ZHOU, Z., SUN, X. A comprehensive dynamic efficiency-enhanced energy management strategy for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Applied Energy [online]. 2019, 247, p. 657-669. ISSN 0306-2619. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.04.016 Go to original source...
    8. HUBKA, L. Electric cars in the Czech Republic - the analysis of CO2 emissions reduction. In: 2019 20th International Carpathian Control Conference: proceedings [online]. ICCC, 2019. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1109/CarpathianCC.2019.8765971 Go to original source...
    9. CANALS, C., MARTINEZ-LASERNA, E., AMANTE-GARCIA, B., NIETO, N. Sustainability analysis of the electric vehicle use in Europe for CO2 emissions reduction. Journal of Cleaner Production [online]. 2016, 127, p. 425-437. ISSN 0959-6526. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.120 Go to original source...
    10. WEISS, M., CLOOS, KC., HELMERS, E. Energy efficiency trade-offs in small to large electric vehicles. Enviromental Science Europe [online]. 2020, 32(1), 46. eISSN 2190-4715. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-020-00307-8 Go to original source...
    11. JAGELCAK, J., KIKTOVA, M., STOPKOVA, M. The application of the verified gross mass of intermodal loading units in the conditions of the Slovak Republic. Nase More [online]. 2018, 65(4), p. 218-223. Available from: https://doi.org/10.17818/NM/2018/4SI.10 Go to original source...
    12. MASSIANI, J., WEINMANN, J., Estimating electric car's emissions in Germany: an analysis through a pivotal marginal method and comparison with other methods. Economics and Policy of Energy and the Environment. 2012, 2. ISSN 2280-7659. Go to original source...
    13. Transport emissions - Eurostat [online]. 2018. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport_en
    14. KONECNY, V., PETRO, F. Calculation of selected emissions from transport services in road public transport. In: 18th International Scientific Conference Logi: proceedings [online]. 2017. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201713400026 Go to original source...
    15. OSIPOWOCZ, T., ABRAMEK, K. F., MATUSZAK, Z., JASKIEWICZ, M., LUDWINEK, K., POLIAK, M. The analysis of technical condition common rail fuel system components. In: 11th International Science and Technical Conference Automotive Safety Automotive Safety: proceedings [online]. 2018. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1109/AUTOSAFE.2018.8373304 Go to original source...
    16. Project of electric vehicle - Edison [online] [accessed 2019-12-21]. Available from: http://www.edison.uniza.sk/en/electric_vehicle
    17. QIN, Z., ZHANG, D., HAN, Y., LUO, Y. Dynamic coordinated control of a downhill safety assistance system for hybrid electric buses. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering [online]. 2017, 231(8), p. 1034-1045. ISSN 0954-4070, eISSN 2041-2991. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0954407016670295 Go to original source...
    18. MAHA MSR 1050. User manual.
    19. EN 30 0556. Road vehicles. Speed characteristics. Test methods.
    20. SARKAN, B., STOPKA, O. Quantification of road vehicle perormance parameters under laboratory conditions. Advances in Science and Technology - Research Journal [online]. 2018, 12(3), p. 16-23. ISSN 2299-8624. Available from: https://doi.org/10.12913/22998624/92107 Go to original source...
    21. SARKAN, B., STOPKA, O., CHOVANCOVA, M., KURANC, A. Simulating real driving conditions on the single roller dynamometer: a case study in terms of the fuel consumption measurement. In: 11th International Scientific and Technical Conference on Automotive Safety: proceedings. 2018. Go to original source...
    22. Commission Regulation (EU) No 1014/2010 of 10 November 2010 on monitoring and reporting of data on the registration of new passenger cars pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 of the European Parliament.
    23. EN 50470-1/A1. Electricity metering equipment (a.c.). Part 1: General requirements, tests and test conditions. Metering equipment (class indexes A, B and C).
    24. MILOJEVIC, S. Sustainable application of natural gas as engine fuel in city buses-benefit and restrictions. Journal of Applied Engineering Science [online]. 2017, 15(1), p. 81-88. ISSN 2247-3769. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5937/jaes15-12268 Go to original source...
    25. JILEK, P., SEFCIK, I., VERNER, J., BERG, J. System allowing adhesion force change of road vehicle. In: 18th International Scientific Conference on Engineering for Rural Development ERD 2019: proceedings. 2019. p. 1876-1882. Available from: https://doi.org/10.22616/ERDev2019.18.N051 Go to original source...
    26. SHEN, Y., VIEHMANN, A., RINDERKNECHT, S. Investigation of the power losses of the hybrid transmission DE-REX based on modeling and measurement. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part D - Journal of Automobile Engineering [online]. 2019, 233(14), p. 3646-3657. ISSN 0954-4070, eISSN 2041-2991. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0954407019829655 Go to original source...
    27. VRABEL, J., STOPKA, O., RIEVAJ, V., SARKAN, B., PRUSKOVA, K., MICHALK, P. Measuring the resistance of tires for passenger vehicle against the rolling and sliding on loading area of the flatbed truck when providing the transport services. Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina [online]. 2016, 18(2), p. 124-128. ISSN 1335-4205. Available from: http://komunikacie.uniza.sk/index.php/communications/article/view/343 Go to original source...
    28. RIEVAJ, V., GANA, J., SYNAK, F. Comparison of emissions depending on the type of vehicle engine. Logistics and Sustainable Transport [online]. 2019, 10(1), p. 45-54. eISSN 2232-4968. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2478/jlst-2019-0004 Go to original source...
    29. Corrigendum to Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/1154.
    30. CHEN, Z., LIU, Y., FU, Y., XU, X. Motor-torque-limited power-on upshift control in electric vehicles with automatic transmissions. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering [online]. 2016, 230(1), p. 18-36. ISSN 0954-4070, eISSN 2041-2991. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0954407015577309 Go to original source...
    31. HUI, C., WANG, Y. Effects analysis and modeling of different transmission running conditions for transmission efficiency. In: SAE 2016 World Congress and Exhibition: proceedings [online]. 2016. ISSN 0148-7191, eISSN 2688-3627. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-1096 Go to original source...
    32. PHILIPS, P. J., ORPE, M., VASQUEZ, G. Decoupling vehicle work from powertrain properties in vehicle fuel consumption. SAE Intarnational Journal of Fuels and Lubricants. 2018, 11(4), p. 533-543. ISSN 1946-3952, eISSN 1946-3960. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-0322 Go to original source...
    33. JABLONICKY, J., HUJO, L., TKAC, Z., KOSIBA, J., ZIKLA, A. Comparison of two designs of differential planetary gear with differential in output. Materials, Technologies and Quality Assurance [online]. 2013, 801, p. 13-18. ISSN 1662-8985. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.801.13 Go to original source...
    34. TAVARESS, A. A., FORNASA, I., CALIPA-LUGUE, J. C. Power losses analysis and efficiency evaluation of an electric vehicle conversion. In: IEEE International Conference on Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway, Ship Propulsion and Road Vehicles and International Transportation Electrification Conference ESARS-ITEC: proceedings [online]. 2018. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1109/ESARS-ITEC.2018.8607322 Go to original source...
    35. ZHU, C., CHEN, Q., ZHUANG, Y., GAO, B., TIAN, M. Research on tire stiffness and rolling resistance matching of in-wheel-motor direct drive electric vehicle. Jixie Gongcheng Xuebao / Journal of Mechanical Engineering [online]. 2019, 55(22), p. 41-51. ISSN 0577-6686. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3901/JME.2019.22.041 Go to original source...
    36. KHALIGH, A., D'ANTONIO, M. Global trends in high-power on board chargers for electric vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology [online]. 2019, 68(4), p. 3306-3324. ISSN 0018-9545. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2019.2897050 Go to original source...
    37. DING, Z. Electric vehicle controller driving efficiency and power batteries pack capacity detecting test-bed design. IPPTA: Quarterly Journal of Indian Pulp and Paper Technical Association. 2018, 30(5). ISSN 0379-5462.
    38. RAJABZADEH, M., BATHAEE, S. M. T., GOLKAR, M. A. Advanced DC-link voltage regulation of fuel-cell electric vehicle. COMPEL - The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering [online]. 2016, 35(3), p. 943-958. ISSN 0332-1649. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1108/COMPEL-04-2015-0166 Go to original source...
    39. SHAROVA, V., MORETTI, A., DIEMANT, T., VARZI, A., BEHM, R. J., PASSERINI, S. Comparative study of imide-based Li salts as electrolyte additives for Li-ion batteries. Journal of Power Source [online]. 2018, 375, p. 43-52. ISSN 0378-7753. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.11.045 Go to original source...
    40. SANTOS, A. G., VIEIRA, M. R. S., URTIGA, S. L., SILVA, F. J., Influence of Sn addition on the corrosion resistance and recharge capacity of Pb-1, 5 wt% Sn alloy for positive grids of lead acid batteries. Materia [online]. 2019, 24(1). ISSN 1517-7076. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-707620190001.0640 Go to original source...
    41. ZHUFRI, A., ZHANG, J. An electrical model for energy efficiency evaluation of NiMh batteries. In: 30th Annual IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering IEEE CCECE 2017: proceedings. 2017. ISBN: 978-1-5090-5538-8.
    42. LEBKOWSKI, A. Studies of energy consumption by a city bus powered by a hybrid energy storage system in variable road conditions. Energies [online]. 2019, 12(5), 951. ISSN eISSN 1996-1073. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/en12050951 Go to original source...

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content