Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(3):E96-E107 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.3.E96-E107

Reviewing the Components of Technology Acceptance Behavior in Transportation Sector

Waqas Ahmed ORCID...*, Sheikh Muhamad Hizam, Ilham Sentosa
UniKL Business School (UBIS), Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Technology integration in transportation enhances the efficiency towards urban mobility management. The effective implementation of such technologies requires exploration of vital factors of acceptance and use. This study synthesizes a review work on the road-transport technologies' literature from 2011 to 2021 by contemplating the adoption mechanism keywords such as "acceptance", "usability", "adoption" of technology in transportation, mobility and numerous transport technologies through Boolean operators. Total of 42 articles from 20 developed and developing countries are enlisted for analysis. Numerous Information System (IS) theories and behavioral dimensions are emanated from surveyed literature. Avoid-Shift-Improve (ASI) framework is also materialized to understand the inferences of reviewed articles. Study conclusions are debated for implications of transport technologies from citizens' perspective.

Keywords: technology acceptance, usability, transportation technology, smart mobility, Avoid-Shift-Improve (ASI) framework, Intelligent Transport System (ITS)

Received: September 7, 2021; Accepted: March 28, 2022; Prepublished online: May 20, 2022; Published: July 1, 2022  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Ahmed, W., Hizam, S.M., & Sentosa, I. (2022). Reviewing the Components of Technology Acceptance Behavior in Transportation Sector. Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina, 24(3), E96-107. doi: 10.26552/com.C.2022.3.E96-E107
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. KASSIM, N. S. Smart city - introduction [online]. 2016. Available from: https://www.mcmc.gov.my/skmmgovmy/media/General/pdf/Sesi-5-Rangkakerja-Berteraskan-Aspek-Informasi-%28PLANMalaysia%29.pdf
    2. PATEL, P., NARMAWALA, Z., THAKKAR, A. A Survey on intelligent transportation system using internet of things. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research [online]. 2019, 15(5), p. 231-240. ISSN 1990-9233. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2013.15.5.11215 Go to original source...
    3. SHUKRI, S., EMBONG, B. Future trend in transportation [online]. 2017. Available from: https://www.llm.gov.my/doc/Paper%204%20(MIMOS)-Future%20Trend%20In%20Transportation.pdf
    4. Intelligent transportation systems for sustainable development in Asia and the Pacific - UN ESCAP [online]. 2015. Available from: https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/ITS.pdf
    5. QURESHI, K. N., ABDULLAH, A. H. A Survey on intelligent transportation systems. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research [online]. 2013, 15(5), p. 629-642. ISSN 1990-9233. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2013.15.5.11215 Go to original source...
    6. Conference Newsletter ITS Seminar and Exhibition 2017 - ITS [online]. 2017. Available from: http://itsasia-pacific.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ITS-Conference-2017-Newsletter.pdf
    7. RODRIGUE, J.-P. Urban transport challenges. In: The geography of transport systems [online]. RODRIGUE, J.-P. London: Routledge, 2020. ISBN 978-0-367-36463-2, p. 439. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429346323 Go to original source...
    8. Smart urban mobility - Kapsch [online]. 2016. Available from: https://www.kapsch.net/
    9. TORTORELLA, J. The road to autonomous vehicles must be paved with collaboration among all stakeholders - The Boston Consulting Group [online] [accessed 2019-05-23]. 2015. Available from: https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2015/09/08/924237/0/en/The-Road-to-Autonomous-Vehicles-Must-Be-Paved-With-Collaboration-Among-All-Stakeholders.html
    10. JOU, R. C., CHIOU, Y. C., KE, J. C. Impacts of impression changes on freeway driver intention to adopt electronic toll collection service. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies [online]. 2011, 19(6), p. 945-956. ISSN 0968-090X. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2011.05.002 Go to original source...
    11. IRAWAN, H., HENDAYANI, R., WIDYANI, D. Adoption of electronic toll application analysis. International Journal of Economics and Management. 2016, 10(S1), p. 211-222. ISSN 1823-836X, eISSN 2600-9390.
    12. MADIGAN, R., LOUW, T., WILBRINK, M., SCHIEBEN, A., MERAT, N. What influences the decision to use automated public transport? Using UTAUT to understand public acceptance of automated road transport systems. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour [online]. 2017, 50, p. 55-64. ISSN 1369-8478. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2017.07.007 Go to original source...
    13. WRIGHT, S., CELLINA, F., BULGHERONI, M., CARTOLANO, F., LUCIETTI, L., VAN EGMOND, P., VAN WIJNGAARDEN, L. Public acceptance of SocialCar, a new mobility platform integrating public transport and car-pooling services: insights from a survey in five European cities. In: 7th Transport Research Arena TRA 2018: proceedings. 2018.
    14. WANG, Y., WANG, S., WANG, J., WEI, J., WANG, C. An empirical study of consumers' intention to use ride-sharing services: using an extended technology acceptance model. Transportation [online]. 2020, 47, p. 397-415. ISSN 0049-4488, eISSN 1572-9435. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-018-9893-4 Go to original source...
    15. OOI, K. B., FOO, F. E., TAN, G. W. H. Can mobile taxi redefine the transportation industry? A systematic literature review from the consumer perspective. International Journal of Mobile Communications [online]. 2018, 16(3), p. 341-359. ISSN 1470-949X, eISSN 1741-5217. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMC.2018.10004694 Go to original source...
    16. NAWEED, A., ROSE, J. Assessing technology acceptance for skills development and real-world decision-making in the context of train driving. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour [online]. 2018, 52, p. 86-100. ISSN 1369-8478. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2017.11.003 Go to original source...
    17. ZOLOTOV, M. N., OLIVEIRA, T., CASTELEYN, S. E-participation adoption models research in the last 17 years: a weight and meta-analytical review. Computers in Human Behavior [online]. 2018, 81, p. 350-365. ISSN 0747-5632. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.12.031 Go to original source...
    18. DAVIS, F. D. Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and user acceptance of information technology. Management Information Systems Quarterly [online]. 1989, 13(3), p. 319-340. ISSN 0276-7783, eISSN 2162-9730. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2307/249008 Go to original source...
    19. VENKATESH, V., MORRIS, M. G., DAVIS, G. B., DAVIS, F. D. User acceptance of information technology: toward a unified view. Management Information Systems Quarterly [online]. 2003, 27(3), p. 425-478. ISSN 0276-7783, eISSN 2162-9730. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2307/30036540 Go to original source...
    20. BRAMER, W. M., DE JONGE, G. B., RETHLEFSEN, M. L., MAST, F., KLEIJNEN, J. A systematic approach to searching: an efficient and complete method to develop literature searches. Journal of the Medical Library Association [online]. 2018, 106(4), p. 531-541. eISSN 1558-9439. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5195/jmla.2018.283 Go to original source...
    21. MAKINO, H., TAMADA, K. SAKAI, K., KAMIJO, S., Solutions for urban traffic issues by ITS technologies. IATSS Research [online]. 2018, 42(2), p. 49-60. ISSN 0386-1112. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iatssr.2018.05.003 Go to original source...
    22. ALI, M., MANOGARAN, S., YUSOF, K. M., SUHAILI, M. R. M. Analysing vehicular congestion scenario in Kuala Lumpur using open traffic. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science [online]. 2018, 10(3), p. 875-882. ISSN 2502-4752, eISSN: 2502-4760. Available from: https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v10.i3.pp875-882 Go to original source...
    23. NOOR, N. M., SAM, S. M., FIRDAUS, N., AZMI, M., CHE, R., YUSOFF, M. RFID-based electronic fare toll collection system for multi-lane free flow - a case study towards Malaysia toll system improvement. Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering [online]. 2016, 8(4), p. 71-76. ISSN 2180-1843, eISSN 2289-8131. Available from: https://jtec.utem.edu.my/jtec/article/view/1175
    24. YAU, K.-L. A., LAU, S. L., CHUA, H. N., LING, M. H., IRANMANESH, V., KWAN, S. C. C. Greater Kuala Lumpur as a smart city: a case study on technology opportunities. In: 2016 8th International Conference on Knowledge and Smart Technology (KST): proceedings [online]. IEEE. 2016. p. 96-101. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1109/KST.2016.7440496 Go to original source...
    25. HUANG, T. Research on the use intention of potential designers of unmanned cars based on technology acceptance model. PLoS ONE [online]. 2021, 16(8), e0256570. eISSN 1932-6203. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256570 Go to original source...
    26. YUEN, K. F., CAI, L., QI, G., WANG, X. Factors influencing autonomous vehicle adoption: an application of the technology acceptance model and innovation diffusion theory. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management [online]. 2021, 33(5), p. 505-519. ISSN 0953-7325, eISSN 1465-3990. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2020.1826423 Go to original source...
    27. MANFREDA, A., LJUBI, K., GROZNIK, A. Autonomous vehicles in the smart city era: an empirical study of adoption factors important for millennials. International Journal of Information Management [online]. 2021, 58, 102050. ISSN 0268-4012. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.102050 Go to original source...
    28. CHOI, J. K., JI, Y. G. Investigating the importance of trust on adopting an autonomous vehicle. International Journal of Human - Computer Interaction [online]. 2015, 31(10), p. 692-702. ISSN 1044-7318, eISSN 1532-7590. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2015.1070549 Go to original source...
    29. KOUL, S., EYDGAHI, A. Utilizing technology acceptance model (TAM) for driverless car technology adoption. Journal of Technology Management and Innovation [online]. 2018, 13(4), p. 37-46. eISSN 0718-2724. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27242018000400037 Go to original source...
    30. ESCANDON-BARBOSA, D., SALAS-PARAMO, J., MENESES-FRANCO, A. I., GIRALDO- GONZALEZ, C. Adoption of new technologies in developing countries: the case of autonomous car between Vietnam and Colombia. Technology in Society [online]. 2021, 66, 101674. ISSN 0160-791X. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101674 Go to original source...
    31. WU, Z., ZHOU, H. XI, H., WU, N. Analysing public acceptance of autonomous buses based on an extended TAM model. IET Intelligent Transport Systems [online]. 2021, 15(10), p. 1318-1330. eISSN 1751-9578. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1049/itr2.12100 Go to original source...
    32. NORDHOFF, S., MALMSTEN, V., VAN AREM, B., LIU, P., HAPPEE, R. A structural equation modeling approach for the acceptance of driverless automated shuttles based on constructs from the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology and the diffusion of innovation theory. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour [online]. 2021, 78, p. 58-73. ISSN 1369-8478. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2021.01.001 Go to original source...
    33. ACHEAMPONG, R. A., CUGURULLO, F. Capturing the behavioural determinants behind the adoption of autonomous vehicles: conceptual frameworks and measurement models to predict public transport, sharing and ownership trends of self-driving cars. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour [online]. 2019, 62, p. 349-375. ISSN 1369-8478. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2019.01.009 Go to original source...
    34. PARK, E., LIM, J., CHO, Y. Understanding the emergence and social acceptance of electric vehicles as next-generation models for the automobile industry. Sustainability [online]. 2018, 10(3), 662. ISSN 2071-1050. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/su10030662 Go to original source...
    35. MOHAMED, M., HIGGINS, C. D., FERGUSON, M., REQUIA, W. J. The influence of vehicle body type in shaping behavioural intention to acquire electric vehicles: a multi-group structural equation approach. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice [online]. 2018, 116, p. 54-72. ISSN 0965-8564. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2018.05.011 Go to original source...
    36. GLOBISCH, J., DUTSCHKE, E., SCHLEICH, J. Acceptance of electric passenger cars in commercial fleets. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice [online]. 2018, 116, p. 122-129. ISSN 0965-8564. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2018.06.004 Go to original source...
    37. WOLF, A., SEEBAUER, S. Technology adoption of electric bicycles: A survey among early adopters. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice [online]. 2014, 69, p. 196-211. ISSN 0965-8564. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2014.08.007 Go to original source...
    38. KOPPLIN, C. S., BRAND, B. M., REICHENBERGER, Y. Consumer acceptance of shared e-scooters for urban and short-distance mobility. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment [online]. 2021, 91, 102680. ISSN 1361-9209. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102680 Go to original source...
    39. ECCARIUS, T., LU, C. C. Adoption intentions for micro-mobility - Insights from electric scooter sharing in Taiwan. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment [online]. 2020, 84, 102327. ISSN 1361-9209. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102327 Go to original source...
    40. BREZOVEC, P., HAMPL, N. Electric vehicles ready for breakthrough in MaaS? Consumer adoption of E-car sharing and E-scooter sharing as a part of mobility-as-a-service (MaaS). Energies [online]. 2021, 14(4), 1088. eISSN 1996-1073. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041088 Go to original source...
    41. AHMED, W., HIZAM, S. M., SENTOSA, I., AKTER, H., YAFI, E., ALI, J. Predicting IoT service adoption towards smart mobility in Malaysia: SEM-neural hybrid pilot study. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications [online]. 2020, 11(1), p. 524-535. ISSN 2158-107X, eISSN 2156-5570. Available from: https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2020.0110165 Go to original source...
    42. GAO, L., BAI, X. A unified perspective on the factors influencing consumer acceptance of internet of things technology. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics [online]. 2014, 26(2), p. 211-231. ISSN 1355-5855. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-06-2013-0061 Go to original source...
    43. ILHAM, R., SHONHADJI, N., YUTANTO, H., EKANINGTYAS, D. Analysis of the acceptance factor of android-based parking information systems in Indonesia. Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina [online]. 2020, 22(2), p. 97-106. ISSN 1335-4205, eISSN 2585-7878. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26552/com.C.2020.2.97-106 Go to original source...
    44. NING, Y., YAN, M., XU, S. X., LI, Y., LI, L. Shared parking acceptance under perceived network externality and risks: theory and evidence. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice [online]. 2021, 150, p. 1-15. ISSN 0965-8564. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2021.05.009 Go to original source...
    45. NIU, Z., HU, X., QI, S., YANG, H., WANG, S., AN, S. Determinants to parking mode alternatives: a model integrating technology acceptance model and satisfaction-loyalty model. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice [online]. 2021, 152(73), p. 216-234. ISSN 0965-8564. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2021.08.010 Go to original source...
    46. PARK, E., KIM, K. J. Driver acceptance of car navigation systems: integration of locational accuracy, processing speed and service and display quality with technology acceptance model. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing [online]. 2014, 18(3), p. 503-513. ISSN 1617-4909, eISSN 1617-4917. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-013-0670-2 Go to original source...
    47. PARK, E., KIM, H., OHM, J. Y. Understanding driver adoption of car navigation systems using the extended technology acceptance model. Behaviour and Information Technology [online]. 2015, 34(7), p. 741-751. ISSN 1362-3001, eISSN 0144-929X. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2014.963672 Go to original source...
    48. MILANOVIC, N., MILOSAVLJEVIC, M., BENKOVIC, S., STARCEVIC, D., SPASENIC, Z. An acceptance approach for novel technologies in car insurance. Sustainability [online]. 2020, 12(24), 10331. ISSN 2071-1050. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410331 Go to original source...
    49. VAFAEI-ZADEH, A., NG, S.-X., HANIFAH, H., TEOH, A. P., NAWASER, K. Safety technology adoption: predicting intention to use car dashcams in an emerging country. International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management [online]. 2021, 18(05), 2150022. ISSN 0219-8770, eISSN 1793-6950. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1142/S021987702150022X Go to original source...
    50. KERVICK, A. A., HOGAN, M. J., O'HORA, D., SARMA, K. M. Testing a structural model of young driver willingness to uptake smartphone driver support systems. Accident Analysis and Prevention [online]. 2015, 83, p. 171-181. ISSN 0001-4575. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2015.07.023 Go to original source...
    51. RAHMAN, M. M., LESCH, M. F., HORREY, W. J., STRAWDERMAN, L. Assessing the utility of TAM, TPB and UTAUT for advanced driver assistance systems. Accident Analysis and Prevention [online]. 2017, 108, p. 361-373. ISSN 0001-4575. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2017.09.011 Go to original source...
    52. CHEN, C. F., CHAO, W. H. Habitual or reasoned? Using the theory of planned behavior, technology acceptance model and habit to examine switching intentions toward public transit. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour [online]. 2011, 14(2), p. 128-137. ISSN 1369-8478. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2010.11.006 Go to original source...
    53. DONALD, I. J., COOPER, S. R., CONCHIE, S. M. An extended theory of planned behaviour model of the psychological factors affecting commuters' transport mode use. Journal of Environmental Psychology [online]. 2014, 40, p. 39-48. ISSN 0272-4944. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.03.003 Go to original source...
    54. DI PIETRO, L., GUGLIELMETTI MUGION, R., MATTIA, G., RENZI, M. F., TONI, M. The integrated model on mobile payment acceptance (IMMPA): an empirical application to public transport. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies [online]. 2015, 56, p. 463-479. ISSN 0968-090X. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2015.05.001 Go to original source...
    55. LARUE, G. S., RAKOTONIRAINY, A., HAWORTH, N. L., DARVELL, M. Assessing driver acceptance of intelligent transport systems in the context of railway level crossings. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour [online]. 2015, 30, p. 1-13. ISSN 1369-8478. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2015.02.003 Go to original source...
    56. HASSN, H. A. H., ISMAIL, A., BORHAN, M. N., SYAMSUNUR, D. The impact of intelligent transport system quality: drivers' acceptance perspective. International Journal of Technology [online]. 2016, 7(4), p. 553-561. ISSN 2086-9614, eISSN 2087-2100. Available from: https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v7i4.2578 Go to original source...
    57. DE ANGELIS, M., PUCHADES, V. M., FRABONI, F., PIETRANTONI, L., PRATI, G. Negative attitudes towards cyclists influence the acceptance of an in-vehicle cyclist detection system. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour [online]. 2017, 49, p. 244-256. ISSN 1369-8478. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2017.06.021 Go to original source...
    58. DIOP, E. B., ZHAO, S., VAN DUY, T. An extension of the technology acceptance model for understanding travelers' adoption of variable message signs. PLoS One [online]. 2019, 14(4), e0216007. eISSN 1932-6203. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216007 Go to original source...
    59. ALTAY, B. C., OKUMUS, A. User adoption of integrated mobility technologies: the case of multimodal trip-planning apps in Turkey. Research in Transportation Business and Management [online]. 2021, in press, 100706. ISSN 2210-5395. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2021.100706 Go to original source...
    60. WANG, Y., WANG, S., WANG, J., WEI, J., WANG, C. An empirical study of consumers' intention to use ride-sharing services: using an extended technology acceptance model. Transportation [online]. 2020, 47(1), p. 397-415. ISSN 0049-4488, eISSN 1572-9435. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-018-9893-4 Go to original source...
    61. JAHANSHAHI, D., TABIBI, Z., VAN WEE, B. Factors influencing the acceptance and use of a bicycle sharing system: applying an extended unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT). Case Studies on Transport Policy [online]. 2020, 8(4), p. 1212-1223. ISSN 2213-624X. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2020.08.002 Go to original source...
    62. ACHEAMPONG, R. A., SIIBA, A., OKYERE, D. K., TUFFOUR, J. P. Mobility-on-demand: An empirical study of internet-based ride-hailing adoption factors, travel characteristics and mode substitution effects. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies [online]. 2020, 115, 102638. ISSN 0968-090X. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2020.102638 Go to original source...
    63. LAI, P. The literature review of technology adoption models and theories for the novelty technology. Journal of Information Systems and Technology Management [online]. 2017, 14(1), p. 21-38. ISSN 1807-1775. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4301/s1807-17752017000100002 Go to original source...
    64. TAHERDOOST, H. A review of technology acceptance and adoption models and theories. Procedia Manufacturing [online]. 2018, 22, p. 960-967. ISSN 2351-9789. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2018.03.137 Go to original source...
    65. KIANPISHEH, A., MUSTAFFA, N., SEE, J. M. Y., KEIKHOSROKIANI, P. User behavioral intention toward using smart parking system. Communications in Computer and Information Science. 2011, 252(2), p. 732-743. ISSN 1865-0929. Go to original source...
    66. BONGARDT, D., STILLER, L., STWAR, A., WAGNER, A. Sustainable urban transport: avoid-shift-improve (A-S-I) [online]. 2019. Available from: https://www.transformative-mobility.org/assets/publications/ASI_TUMI_SUTP_iNUA_No-9_April-2019.pdf

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content