Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2023, 25(3):D71-D90 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2023.044

Mechanical Properties Investigation and Optimization of Ambiently Cured Alkali-Activated Concrete

Kothoju Saibaba ORCID...*, B Kondraivendhan ORCID...
Department of Civil Engineering, SVNIT, Surat, Gujarat, India

The mechanical, microstructural and statical interpretation of the Alkali Activated Concrete (AAC), prepared using fly ash with crushed granulated corex slag as the binder ingredient, are examined in this work. Here, cast in-situ alkali-activated concrete strengths and substitute slag concentrations of 0-50 % by fly-ash weight were undertaken to determine a workable manufacturing process and were all considered for up to 28 days. Moreover, in microstructural research, C-A-S-H gel is produced by adding Ground Granulated Corex Slag (GGCS) to the binder-generated structural changes in the in-situ alkali-activated concrete. As a result, this research obtained perfect mixture fractions by synthesizing 25 % GGCS with 0.4 % of the liquid-to-binder ratio, in addition, a unified desirability of 80 % was attained.

Keywords: fly-ash, ground granulated corex slag (GGCS), alkali-activated slag-concrete (AASC), response surface, mechanical properties microstructural analysis
Grants and funding:


The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship and/or publication of this article.

Conflicts of interest:

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Received: December 15, 2022; Accepted: March 10, 2023; Prepublished online: April 18, 2023; Published: July 11, 2023  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Saibaba, K., & Kondraivendhan, B. (2023). Mechanical Properties Investigation and Optimization of Ambiently Cured Alkali-Activated Concrete. Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina, 25(3), D71-90. doi: 10.26552/com.C.2023.044
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. HARDJITO, D., RANGAN, B. V. Development and properties of low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. Research Report GC 1. Perth, Australia: Faculty of Engineering, Curtin University of Technology, 2005.
    2. FLATT, R. J., ROUSSEL, N., CHEESEMAN, C. R. Concrete: an eco-material that needs to be improved. Journal of the European Ceramic Society [online]. 2012, 32(11), p. 2787-2798. ISSN 0955-2219. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2011.11.012 Go to original source...
    3. COLLINS, F., SANJAYAN, J. G. Cracking tendency of development and properties alkali-activated slag concrete subjected to restrained shrinkage. Cement and Concrete Research [online]. 2000, 30(5), p. 791-798. ISSN 0008-8846, eISSN 1873-3948. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00243-X Go to original source...
    4. VORA, P. R., DAVE, U. V. Parametric studies on compressive strength of geopolymer concrete. Procedia Engineering [online]. 2013, 51, p. 210-219. ISSN 1877-7058. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.01.030 Go to original source...
    5. WALLAH, S., RANGAN, B. V. Low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete: long-term properties. Research Report GC 2. Perth, Australia: Faculty of Engineering, Curtin University of Technology, 2006.
    6. PACHECO-TORGAL, F., CASTRO-GOMES, J., JALALI, S. Alkali-activated binders: a review: Part 1. Historical background, terminology, reaction mechanisms and hydration products. Construction and Building Materials [online]. 2008, 22(7), p. 1305-1314. ISSN 0950-0618, eISSN 1879-0526. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.10.015 Go to original source...
    7. WHITING, J. Manufacture of cement. US Patent No. 544,706. 1895.
    8. DAVIDOVITS, J. Geopolymers: inorganic polymeric new materials. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry [online]. 1991, 37(8), p. 1633-1656. ISSN 1388-6150, eISSN 1588-2926. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01912193 Go to original source...
    9. NEUPANE, K. Fly ash and GGBFS based powder-activated geopolymer binders: a viable sustainable alternative of portland cement in concrete industry. Mechanics of Materials [online]. 2016, 103, p. 110-122. ISSN 0167-6636, eISSN 1872-7743. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2016.09.012 Go to original source...
    10. HARUNA, S., MOHAMMED, B. S., SHAHIR-LIEW, M., ALALOUL, W. S., HARUNA, A. Effect of water-binder ratio and NaOH molarity on the properties of high calcium fly ash geopolymer mortars at outdoor curing. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET). 2018, 9(10), p. 1339-1352. ISSN 0976-6308, eISSN 0976-6316.
    11. HAJIMOHAMMADI, A., VAN DEVENTER, J. S. Characterization of one-part geopolymer binders made from fly ash. Waste and Biomass Valorization [online]. 2017, 8(1), p. 225-233. ISSN 1877-2641, eISSN 1877265X. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-016-9582-5 Go to original source...
    12. DAVIDOVITS, J. The manufacture of geopolymer cements. In: Geopolymer chemistry and applications. DAVIDOVITS, J. 4. ed. Saint-Quentin, France: Geopolymer Institute, 2015. ISBN 978-2951482098, p. 499-521.
    13. VAN DEVENTER, J. S. J., PROVIS, J. L., DUXSON, P. Technical and commercial progress in the adoption of geopolymer cement. Minerals Engineering [online]. 2012, 29, p. 89-104. ISSN 0892-6875, eISSN 1872-9444. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2011.09.009 Go to original source...
    14. SARKER, P. K., HAQUE, R., RAMGOLAM, K. V. Fracture behaviour of heat cured fly ash based geopolymer concrete. Materials and Design [online]. 2013, 44, p. 580-586. ISSN 0264-1275. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.08.005 Go to original source...
    15. MOHAMMED, B. S., ACHARA, B. E., NURUDDIN, M. F., YAW, M., ZULKEFLI, M. Z. Properties of nano-silica-modified self-compacting engineered cementitious composites. Journal of Cleaner Production [online]. 2017, 162, p. 1225-1238. ISSN 0959-6526, eISSN 1879-1786. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.137 Go to original source...
    16. MOHAMMED, B. S., FANG, O. C., HOSSAIN, K. M. A., LACHEMI, M. Mix proportioning of concrete containing paper mill residuals using response surface methodology. Construction and Building Materials [online]. 2012, 35, p. 63-68. ISSN 0950-0618, eISSN 1879-0526. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.050 Go to original source...
    17. YAO, Z. T., XIA, M. S., SARKER, P. K., CHEN, T. Z. A review of the alumina recovery from coal fly ash, with a focus in China. Fuel [online]. 2014, 120, p. 74-85. ISSN 0016-2361, eISSN 1873-7153. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.12.003 Go to original source...
    18. CHATTERJEE, A. K. Technological initiatives and status of fly ash in India. In: Fly ash: sources applications and potential environmental impacts. SARKER, P. K. (Ed.). USA: Nova, 2014. ISBN 978-1-62948-044-2, p. 315-359.
    19. NEMATOLLAHI, B., SANJAYAN, J., SHAIKH, F. U. A. Synthesis of heat and ambient cured one-part geopolymer mixes with different grades of sodium silicate. Ceramics International [online]. 2015, 41(4), p. 5696-5704. ISSN 0272-8842, eISSN 1873-3956. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.12.154 Go to original source...
    20. SARKER, P. K. Analysis of geopolymer concrete columns. Materials and Structures [online]. 2009, 42(6), p. 715-724. ISSN 1359-5997, eISSN 1871-6873. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-008-9415-5 Go to original source...
    21. MERMERDAS, K., ALGIN, Z., OLEIWI, S. M., NASSANI, D. E. Optimization of lightweight GGBFS and FA geopolymer mortars by response surface method. Construction and Building Materials [online]. 2017, 139, p. 159-171. ISSN 0950-0618, eISSN 1879-0526. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.050 Go to original source...
    22. CHINDAPRASIRT, P., DE SILVA, P., SAGOE-CRENTSIL, K., HANJITSUWAN, S. Effect of SiO2 and Al2O3 on the setting and hardening of high calcium fly ash-based geopolymer systems. Journal of Materials Science [online]. 2012, 47(12), p. 4876-4883. ISSN 0022-2461, eISSN 1573-4803. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-012-6353-y Go to original source...
    23. BERNAL, S., DE GUTIERREZ, R., DELVASTO, S., RODRIGUEZ, E. Performance of an alkali-activated slag concrete reinforced with steel fibers. Construction and Building Materials [online]. 2010, 24(2), p. 208-214. ISSN 0950-0618, eISSN 1879-0526. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.10.027 Go to original source...
    24. PHOO-NGERNKHAM, T., MAEGAWA, A., MISHIMA, N., HATANAKA, S., CHINDAPRASIRT, P. Effects of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solutions on compressive and shear bond strengths of FA-GBFS geopolymer. Construction and Building Materials [online]. 2015, 91, p. 1-8. ISSN 0950-0618, eISSN 1879-0526. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.001 Go to original source...
    25. OUELLET-PLAMONDON, C., HABERT, G. Life cycle assessment (LCA) of alkali-activated cements and concretes. In: Handbook of alkali-activated cements, mortars and concretes [online]. PACHECO-TORGAL, F., LABRINCHA, J., LEONELLI, C., PALOMO, A., CHINDAPRASIT, P. (Eds.). Woodhead Publishing Elsevier, 2015. ISBN 978-1-78242-276-1, p. 663-686. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/C2013-0-16511-7 Go to original source...
    26. RAO, G. M., RAO, T. D., SESHU, R. D., VENKATESH, A. Mix proportioning of geopolymer concrete. Cement Wapno Beton [online]. 2016, 21(4), 274. ISSN 1425-8129.
    27. THUNUGUNTLA, C. S., GUNNESWARA RAO, T. D. Mix design procedure for alkali-activated slag concrete using particle packing theory. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering [online]. 2018, 30(6), 04018113. ISSN 0899-1561, eISSN 1943-5533. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002296 Go to original source...
    28. PROVIS, J. L. Alkali-activated materials. Cement and Concrete Research [online]. 2018, 114, p. 40-48. ISSN 0008-8846, eISSN 1873-3948. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.02.009 Go to original source...
    29. MOHAMMED, B. S., KHED, V. C., NURUDDIN, M. F. Rubber crete mixture optimization using response surface methodology. Journal of Cleaner Production [online]. 2018, 171, p. 1605-1621. ISSN 0959-6526, eISSN 1879-1786. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.102 Go to original source...
    30. SARKER, P. K. Bond strength of reinforcing steel embedded in fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. Materials and Structures [online]. 2011, 44(5), p. 1021-1030. ISSN 1359-5997, eISSN 1871-6873. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-010-9683-8 Go to original source...
    31. MONTGOMERY, D. C. Design and analysis of experiments. John Wiley and Sons, 2019. ISBN 978-1-119-49244-3.
    32. MTARFI, N. H., RAIS, Z., TALEB, M., KADA, K. M. Effect of fly ash and grading agent on the properties of mortar using response surface methodology. Journal of Building Engineering [online]. 2017, 9, p. 109-116. eISSN 2352-7102. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2016.12.004 Go to original source...
    33. MOHAMMED, B. S., LIEW, M. S., ALALOUL, W. S., AL-FAKIH, A., IBRAHIM, W., ADAMU, M. Development of rubberized geopolymer interlocking bricks. Case Studies in Construction Materials [online]. 2018, 8, p. 401-408. eISSN 2214-5095. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2018.03.007 Go to original source...
    34. MOHAMMED, B. S., ADAMU, M. Mechanical performance of roller compacted concrete pavement containing crumb rubber and nano silica. Construction and Building Materials [online]. 2018, 159, p. 234-251. ISSN 0950-0618, eISSN 1879-0526. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.10.098 Go to original source...
    35. ZAHID, M., SHAFIQ, N., ISA, M. H., GIL, L. Statistical modeling and mix design optimization of fly ash based engineered geopolymer composite using response surface methodology. Journal of Cleaner Production [online]. 2018, 194, p. 483-498. ISSN 0959-6526, eISSN 1879-1786. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.158 Go to original source...
    36. SIYAL, A. A., AZIZLI, K. A., MAN, Z., ISMAIL, L., KHAN, M. I. Geopolymerization kinetics of fly ash based geopolymers using JMAK model. Ceramics International [online]. 2016, 42(14), p. 15575-15584. ISSN 0272-8842, eISSN 1873-3956. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.07.006 Go to original source...
    37. BALA, N., NAPIAH, M., KAMARUDDIN, I. Nanosilica composite asphalt mixtures performance-based design and optimization using response surface methodology. International Journal of Pavement Engineering [online]. 2020, 21(1), p. 29-40. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2018.1435881 Go to original source...
    38. BALA, N., KAMARUDDIN, I., NAPIAH, M., SUTANTO, M. H. Polymer nanocomposite-modified asphalt: characterization and optimization using response surface methodology. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering [online]. 2019, 44(5), p. 4233-4243. ISSN 2193-567X, eISSN 2191-4281. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-018-3377-x Go to original source...
    39. MOHAMMED, B. S., KHED, V. C., LIEW, M. S. Optimization of hybrid fibres in engineered cementitious composites. Construction and Building Materials [online]. 2018, 190, p. 24-37. ISSN 0950-0618, eISSN 1879-0526. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.188 Go to original source...
    40. MOHAMMED, B. S., ADAMU, M. Evaluating the static and dynamic modulus of elasticity of roller compacted rubber crete using response surface methodology. International Journal of GEOMATE [online]. 2018, 14(41), p. 186-192. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21660/2018.41.42833 Go to original source...
    41. ANDERSON, M. J., WHITCOMB, P. J. RSM simplified: optimizing processes using response surface methods for design of experiments [online]. 2. ed. New York: Productivity Press, 2016. ISBN 9781315382326. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315382326 Go to original source...
    42. MOHAMMED, B. S., LIEW, M. S., ALALOUL, W. S., AL-FAKIH, A., IBRAHIM, W., ADAMU, M. Development of rubberized geopolymer interlocking bricks. Case Studies in Construction Materials [online]. 2018, 8, p. 401-408. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2018.03.007 Go to original source...

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content