Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2026, 28(4):C84-C94 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2026.056

Numerical Assessment of Electromagnetic Exposure from Motorcycle Helmet Communication Systems

Zuzana Pšenáková ORCID...1, Milan Smetana ORCID...1, Grazia Lo Sciuto ORCID...2, Denisa Dvončová3
1 Department of Electromagnetic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Zilina, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Zilina, Slovakia
2 Department of Electrical Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
3 Siemens Healthcare, Zilina, Slovakia

In this study was numerically assessed electromagnetic exposure from a 2.4 GHz wireless communication system integrated into a motorcycle helmet. Using CST Studio Suite and an anatomically realistic human head model, the localized SAR were evaluated averaged over 10 g of tissue for five helmet shell materials at transmitter powers from 1 mW to 1 W. At 100 mW, polyimide produced the highest SAR (approximately 1.47 W/kg), whereas the carbon fibre produced the lowest (approximately 0.94 W/kg). All investigated configurations remained below the ICNIRP (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection) localized exposure limit of 2 W/kg for operating powers up to 100 mW, while higher-power scenarios exceeded this limit. The results demonstrate the importance of transmitter power, antenna placement, and helmet material properties for the electromagnetic safety of smart motorcycle helmets.

Keywords: electromagnetic field, non-ionising radiation, specific absorption rate, CST studio suite, motorcycle helmet, human head model
Grants and funding:

This research was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the contract no. APVV-19-0214 and APVV-23-0162.

Conflicts of interest:


The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Received: June 23, 2026; Accepted: September 26, 2026; Prepublished online: October 21, 2026; Published: October 23, 2026  Show citation

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Pšenáková, Z., Smetana, M., Lo Sciuto, G., & Dvončová, D. (2026). Numerical Assessment of Electromagnetic Exposure from Motorcycle Helmet Communication Systems. Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina, 28(4), C84-94. doi: 10.26552/com.C.2026.056
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