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The use and significance of adhesives in various industries are explored, highlighting the growth of the adhesive market and the crucial role of time in adhesive bonding. The composition of adhesives, particularly polyurethane adhesives (PUR), is detailed, emphasizing their sensitivity to environmental factors, like moisture and UV radiation. Various factors influencing adhesive properties, such as reactivity and curing-induced shrinkage, are discussed, along with the importance of catalysts in adjusting reaction rates. One-component moisture-curable PUR adhesives are presented as versatile and continually improving alternatives in structural adhesive applications. The research's focus was to investigate the curing speed of Sikaflex-252 1-component PUR structural adhesive under different conditions, including room temperature, room temperature with ~30 % humidity, and room temperature with ~100 % humidity.

The rail rolling stock undercarriage condition monitoring is proposed by using an automated measuring system, located on the railway track and measuring the specified parameters of the wheels directly, while the train is moving. Regular undercarriage condition monitoring reduces the costs of preventive maintenance of rolling stock without compromising the traffic safety. An algorithm has been developed for the operation of a special software package for visualizing and assessing monitoring data on the condition of the undercarriage of rail rolling stock. The software package consists of separate software modules that can be used independently of each other. It is possible to make short- or long-term predictions of the behavior of any of the monitored parameters using an proposed automated measuring system.

Travel restrictions due to COVID-19 initiated a radical rethink of the urban planning process, focussing on a concept initially proposed by Carlos Moreno in 2016; the "15-Minute City" model, aiming at the improvement of quality of life by creating or rearranging cities so that residents' needs can be reached within 15-minutes on foot or by bicycle or by public transit. In continuation to a research in 2020, this paper quantifies the attractiveness of the model to residents in nine regions of Sicily in 2022. Based on statistical analysis concerning the respondents' opinion, the model examined promotes walking as an anti-stress method and improves the overall health conditions at a community level. Therefore, policy makers can revalue the existing planning process and create a blueprint for a healthier and car-free lifestyle.

The article presents the results of an assessment of the impact of Eco-driving on the achieved emission parameters and performance characteristics of vehicles, with a particular focus on energy efficiency. The first part of the article presents the main principles of Eco-driving and then presents the results of experimental tests carried out on two vehicles powered by conventional fuel in the form of gasoline and substitute (unconventional) fuel in the form of LPG. The vehicles were operated under different traffic conditions. Based on the analysis of the experimental results, final conclusions were formulated. The analysis of the test results made it possible to demonstrate differences in the on-road energy consumption of the vehicles depending on the driving technique used and, in addition, the results obtained were compared to the energy intensity of electric vehicles as reported by their manufacturers.

The main purpose of this study was to compare the frequency of road fatalities in selected European countries, including Poland. Moreover, based on statistical data, the determination index R2 was determined for both the total number of road accidents and fatalities in road accidents in terms of the number of registered vehicles and the length of motorways in selected European countries. Results show the dependence of factors, such as road infrastructure and the number of registered motor vehicles, influence on the level of road safety in selected European countries.

The authors of this manuscript present development of a prototype protective UV-C half-face mask. The first stage of this study focuses on proposing a UV-C half-face mask design and the second phase investigates the quality of printings, 3D/2D roughness and porousness of three different printed samples of PA12. Development of the protective half-face mask used the non-destructive technology of 3D scanning of the human body by the Ein Scan scanner. As a part of the experiment, three samples were prepared with Sinterit Lisa, EOS Formiga and HP jet fusion printers. SLS and MJF technology were used during the experiment. The experimental observation of the structure of the surface was secured using the Alicona Infinite focus G5 device. The conclusions present the study's results and the authors' recommendations for other developers dealing with the development of the protective face masks.

The work presented here aims at investigating the feasibility of iron-based Fe-SMA (shape memory alloy) reinforcement as an alternative to conventional steel reinforcement. The conventional steel reinforcement shows large plastic strain, low resistance to corrosion, low resistance to fatigue and also inadequate recentering capability. As a result, advanced materials available in the form of superelastic (SE) shape memory alloy (SMA) are fabricated to form structural reinforcements. This FE-SMA mitigates the problem of long-lasting deflection by using its reversible stress-strain capability. This iron-based Fe-SMA may be stimulated between the temperatures of 90 to 150°C, with which it is possible to strengthen the reinforced concrete (RC) beams without any crucial damage. The stress-strain behavior in tension, corrosion resistivity, pull-out tests of Fe-SMA reinforcement and flexural strength of RC beam were evaluated experimentally. The FE-SMA exhibits recovery stresses of 250-300 MPa subjected to a temperature of 160°C. A comparison of load-carrying capacity of iron-based Fe-SMA reinforcement is also shown.

This study proposes an approach to determine transport delays at unsignalized intersections, according to the theory of stationary Poisson flow and considering the priority of vehicle traffic in competing directions. The accuracy of the proposed approach was estimated by comparing the average values of delays of vehicles performing a left turn from a minor road and their actual values obtained as a result of processing data from field studies. The results of the accuracy evaluation at unsignalized intersections of non-equivalent roads indicate the obtained results' reliability, because the calculation error does not exceed 10 %, as well as the possibility of using the developed approach in the process of transport planning and unsignalized intersections modelling.

Results of the study of the roughness and friction properties of the road surface of urban streets influence on the traffic safety are presented in this article. As a result of this study, an empirical dependence was obtained, reflecting the relationship between the traffic speed and a load factor under different traffic conditions; the relationship between the flow density and street capacity was also determined. The maximum permissible value of the friction coefficient for experimental streets is 0.4, and 50 % of the object of study meets the requirements of operation; 50 % does not. From the proposed graph of the relative dependence of pavement roughness and safety factor, it follows that the most dangerous are the streets, the pavement roughness of which is in unsatisfactory condition. To effectively solve the problem of destruction of the road surfaces, it is first of all necessary to eliminate the cause of the damage that occurs, not just its consequences.

Both the current cellular network and the planned 5G mobile network need to meet high dependability standards, very low latency requirements, larger capacity, better security and fast user communication. In order to support multiple independent tenants on the same physical infrastructure, mobile carriers are working towards end-to-end network resource allocation in 5G networks. Future communication networks will require data-driven decision making due to the increase in traffic and the accelerated performance of 5G networks. With the use of in-network deep learning and prediction, a "deep slice" model was built in this study to control network load efficiency and network availability. Even in the event of a network outage, the suggested model is capable of making wise selections and choosing the best network slice.

One of the main problems to be solved by the transport operators is the substantiation of the vehicle models servicing the transport lines. A game-theoretical approach is proposed in this paper to justify the bus model choice based on the passengers' preferences and the structure of the passenger flows. To estimate the customers' preferences, the membership functions for fuzzy sets of the optimal vehicle models were defined. The simulation experiment aiming to estimate the city fleet structure in terms of the vehicles' capacity was conducted for the Talas city (Kazakhstan) based on the proposed approach with use of the corresponding software implementation of the developed mathematical models. As a result of the experimental studies, the impact of the passengers' flow structure and the number of carriers on the rational structure of the city bus fleet was studied in the paper.

The efficiency of the public transport use is a complex indicator formed from a set of partial assessments of its economic, technical and environmental efficiency. Special attention must be paid to the evaluation of efficiency based on energy consumption, taking into account transport work on the city route. The article is devoted to study of the operation performance of a diesel city bus on the selected city route and determines its energy efficiency by specific fuel consumption per unit of transport work. Based on statistical data, the distribution patterns of the speed and acceleration of the bus on the studied route were determined. The analytical dependence of the specific fuel consumption on the average daily passenger flow capacity on the route is obtained and its adequacy is confirmed. Using the dependence obtained, the fuel consumption of the bus was estimated in individual hauls and a certain section of the route.

Geospatial data are increasingly used to model the terrain in the coastal zone, in particular in shallow waterbodies (with a depth of up to 1 m). In order to generate a terrain relief, it is important to choose a method for its modelling that will allow it to be accurately projected. Therefore, the aim of this publication is to analyze the terrain modelling methods in the coastal zone. For the purposes of the research, five most popular methods for terrain modelling were described: Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW), Modified Shepard's Method (MSM), Natural Neighbor Interpolation (NNI), kriging and spline. Each of the methods has been described in a uniform way in terms of: the essence of its operation, mathematical expression and application examples. The advantages and disadvantages of each of the methods for terrain modelling are also discussed. It should be stated that the choice of the method for the terrain modelling of a shallow waterbody is not unambiguous, as it depends on the type of data recorded during bathymetric and photogrammetric measurements.

This article presents a technology that is not widely known. Previous research has investigated the effect of metal injection molding parameters on product shrinkage. The technology is mostly limited by the variations caused by deformation, so it is of paramount importance to focus on shrinkage. Consequently, within this study the injection molding simulations with 17-4PH type material was performed and its results were compared to the previously determined curve characters. The results obtained allow conclusions to be drawn regarding the accuracy of the simulation. Changing the parameters of the injection molding process can significantly affect the shrinkage factor. Changes in mold temperature, melt temperature and holding pressure affect the product dimensions. These parameters are also modified in the simulation setup and compared to the previous real measurements.

The Fire Rescue Service of the Czech Republic is a security force whose primary task is to protect the lives and health of the population from fire and other emergency and critical situations. Members of the Fire Rescue Service of the Czech Republic need special firefighting appliances for performing these public services. The first-response firefighting vehicles are professionally denominated as firefighting vehicles. These vehicles are used to transport units of firefighters, fire extinguishers and a technical equipment to a scene of an intervention. Traffic accidents occur occasionally while an emergency drive. Traffic accidents always have a negative economic impact on a fire protection unit and can endanger its operational capacity in the short term. This paper summarizes results of a traffic accidents analysis of a major group of emergency firefighting vehicles - water tenders.

The article presents the results of testing the validity of the hypothesis about the possibility of isolating the exhaust gases of the internal combustion engine (exhaust gas source). The objective was to conduct an experimental study of the "exhaust gas source - storage tank" system. In the experimental study, the following was performed: establishment of influencing factors and output parameters; selecting the number of experiments; methods and means of measurement; conducting an experiment at the stand.

The features of designing the frame of a universal container made of square pipes are presented in this paper. The two frame loading schemes are taken into account: the effect of vertical loading on the container frame when it is lifted by the upper corner fittings (I loading mode); the effect of longitudinal loading on the frame during transportation by the rail transport (II loading mode). Mathematical modeling was performed to determine the longitudinal loading acting on the container in the II loading mode. The determined acceleration is taken into account when constructing the schemes of force factors that arise in the frame. The strength of the frame was calculated using the finite element method, which was implemented in SolidWorks Simulation. The conducted research could contribute to creation of recommendations and developments regarding the design of modern structures of modular vehicles.

The aim of the article is to assess the efficiency of the parking system on the example of the Jadwizyn estate in Pila in the light of sustainable development. For this purpose, an organoleptic test of the use of the parking space was carried out for 7 consecutive days, at three different times of the day (morning, noon, evening) in December and January.

The issue of sustainability of public transport is constantly receiving attention from both government and research. One possible solution, demand responsive transport (DRT), can increase accessibility in rural areas, improve the quality of service as well as reduce the costs. This paper estimates the operational costs for different types of vehicles in DRT in person-kilometers and compares it to the current costs of standard bus transport for year 2021 and analyses the capacity, occupancy and ticket prices of fixed-route bus transport. As the results indicate, in many cases the costs of DRT are higher compared to standard bus transport, but by increasing the occupancy of vehicles the DRT can provide savings up to 66 %. The use of cars, as well as car-sharing, show higher costs, which is mainly related to a low transport capacity. As the most appropriate vehicles of DRT have been identified micro buses and minibuses.

The mechanical, microstructural and statical interpretation of the Alkali Activated Concrete (AAC), prepared using fly ash with crushed granulated corex slag as the binder ingredient, are examined in this work. Here, cast in-situ alkali-activated concrete strengths and substitute slag concentrations of 0-50 % by fly-ash weight were undertaken to determine a workable manufacturing process and were all considered for up to 28 days. Moreover, in microstructural research, C-A-S-H gel is produced by adding Ground Granulated Corex Slag (GGCS) to the binder-generated structural changes in the in-situ alkali-activated concrete. As a result, this research obtained perfect mixture fractions by synthesizing 25 % GGCS with 0.4 % of the liquid-to-binder ratio, in addition, a unified desirability of 80 % was attained.

The article describes the design and optimization of operation of an electric bus  powered  by  the  hydrogen  fuel  cells.  At  the  beginning,  an  approach  to  design  of  a  12-meter  urban  bus,  powered  by  hydrogen,  is  presented,  as  well  as  examples  of  components  for  its  construction.  Next,  the  problem  of  selecting  the  size  of  traction  batteries  and  stacks  of  the  Proton  Exchange  Membrane  (PEM)  hydrogen  fuel  cells  was  discussed.  These  are  the  key  components  affecting  the  price  of  the  bus  and  should  be  subject  to  optimization. The results of optimization of the size of traction batteries and the  fuel  cell  system  for  a  bus  traveling  in  inter-city  traffic  are  presented.  The optimization was based on data from the literature and data from the monitoring system of actual hydrogen powered buses located on the Internet platform.  The  main  purpose  of  the  research,  which  was  to  determine  the  total costs of ownership (TCO), is presented as well.

Container ships represent the fastest growing segment of maritime transport. The need to reduce unit transportation costs and environmental impact has led to development of the most capacious ultra-large container ships operating on the world's major shipping routes. A representative database of ultra-large container ships was created and further subdivided according to the main technical parameters. Using a simple cubic regression model, based on the least squares method, an equation, compliant to the general propeller law, was developed to predict the propulsion power of ultra-large container ships as a function of their sailing speed. The results obtained using the developed equation should be sufficiently close to the results of the exact verification calculations at the technical design stage. Then this prediction would find application in the design of both main propulsion, as well as waste heat and cold recovery systems.

The established mode of operation of the conveyor with a nominal linear load is the most economically advantageous from the point of view of increasing the energy efficiency of mineral transportation, in which the cargo flow with minerals corresponds to the nominal productivity of the conveyor. An increase in the linear load of the working branch of the traction-bearing body to a nominal value reduces the share of unproductive consumption due to which energy savings are achieved for a certain period of time, characterized by its hourly average value.

The purpose is to determine the impact of operating conditions on the reliability of vehicles, to identify the main causes of failure of truck units and assemblies and to find ways to improve their reliability. The main methods are a systematic approach to analysis of complex technological systems, the fault tree analysis to identify the most common causes of failure of trucks in the climatic conditions of Central Asia. It has been revealed that one of the frequent causes of failure of units and assemblies is fatigue failure, the finite element modelling of which allowed the study to obtain a diagram of limit deviations for various cycle asymmetries and as a result, the ability to predict the process of fatigue failure under the influence of external factors. The study results are aimed at the possibility of predicting the failure of components and assemblies of trucks conditioned by fatigue failure.

The analysis of traffic problems in large urban centers often requires the use of computational tools, which give the possibility to make a more detailed analysis of the issue, suggest solutions, predict behaviors and, above all, support efficient decision-making. Transport microsimulation software programs are a handy set of tools for this type of analysis. This research paper shows a case study where functions and limitations of Aimsun version 8.2.0, a commercial-like European software and Sumo version 1.3.1, a European open-source software, are presented. The input and output data are similar in both software and the interpretation of results is quite intuitive for both, as well. However, Aimsun's graphical interface interprets results more user-friendly, because Sumo is an open-access software presented as an effective alternative tool for transport modeling.

With an increasing number of vehicles, there is a need for reliable and secure communication between subjects participating in the dynamic traffic environment. This kind of communication is called V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything). It can also contribute to higher level of autonomous driving. The V2X model operation is enabled by use of the newest technologies and standards, defined by 3GPP Organization. In this paper, a review of the V2X communication models, available technologies and standards are studied.

The change in people's lifestyles, their desire or compulsion to move constantly and the development of technology, have forced development of communications, which has led, among other things, to an intensive increase in traffic. For this reason, the purpose of the article is to identify the main causes of traffic delays and the factors affecting the sense of safety on the road. It is followed by the analytical part, which presents the effect of a survey conducted on a group of 401 respondents. The respondents' answers show that the most common causes of road accidents and collisions are: failure to adjust the speed to road conditions (89 %), failure to give priority (84 %), which is in line with the 2019 police report. The results show a clear difference between Western Europe and Eastern Europe.

The paper presents the construction and technological aspects of a device for pitting fruit, especially cherries, on an industrial scale. The presented work includes design solutions related to the transport of pits removed from pitted fruit, as well as a gravity chute, with an indication of potential operational problems related to the machine design. The authors proposed the use of a screw conveyor, especially in the case of longer drums, to optimize the process. Some analyses are also presented, including friction occurring during the transport of pits. Ultimately, a specific design concept is presented that integrates the screw conveyor with the pitting drum. The presented conclusions point to practical technological and engineering aspects related to fruit processing, suggesting the potential for innovative solutions in the design of pitters.

Water is a necessary component of urban structures and a source of life. Nowadays water distribution system's performance might decline for various reasons, resulting in water waste, hence, to maintain a reliable water distribution network, assessing each water distribution study's validity is crucial. Therefore, this research has focused on using durability assessment to evaluate a water supply system. A water distribution network includes an overhead tank and nodes, pipelines, and nodes. The hydraulic properties of every node as well as pipe, including pressure and flow, are calculated utilizing EPANET. This research evaluates the reliability analysis based on the benchmark data's various diameter of pipes, such as 0.6 m, 0.4 m, 0.3 m, 0.2 m, and 0.15 m, usage. Finally, this research analyses the reliability of each set of diameter pipes in the water supply system.

The aim of this research was to develop a high performance adaptive control strategy based on the model reference adaptive control (MRAC) approach, using the MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) law rule as an adjustment mechanism to control the speed of a DC motor. In this work, we propose a modified model reference adaptive control (MRAC) to exploit the advantages of adaptive control within the classical feedback loop. This new control strategy is a hybrid between the classical control loop and MRAC, designed specifically for the control of a DC motor system. The modified MRAC demonstrates remarkable robustness and superior control performance, particularly in terms of overshoot percentage, settling time, rise time and disturbance rejection. The effectiveness of the proposed control strategy was evaluated with the use of various reference signals.