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The article is an attempt to present the two modern concepts of safety management systems. The first is the sunflower pyramid used especially in Europe, the second is the ISO 39001 standard (Road Safety Management System) of international scope. The idea and possibilities offered by use of both concepts of safety management, as well as an attempt to assess the impact of their actions on decrease in fatalities in selected EU countries, were presented. As a result of the conducted analyses, a downward trend was noted as to the number of certificates issued for compliance with the ISO 39001 standard in the world, which may indicate an appearance of the more adequate management systems, or other tools or concepts to improve the road safety, or inadequate education society and low level of awareness in this area of stakeholders, including politicians, scientists, producers, drivers (professional and reliable), as well as other road users, including unprotected ones.

Military tourism is one of the forms of tourism that is not sufficiently researched throughout Poland. It is only in recent years, after the period of political transformation, that interest in this phenomenon has been growing every year. This research has aimed to indicate the possibilities of military tourism development in northern and northeastern Poland. It includes an analysis of data concerning the Naval Museum in Gdynia, the "Wolf's Lair" Fortress in Gierloz and an example of a military event - an air show, which took place on the premises of the 44th Airborne Museum in Gdynia. Results of the analysis of the military tourism development in northern and northeastern Poland indicate that military sites and military-themed events attract considerable tourist traffic and play an important role in the overall development of tourism.

The purpose of the study is to perform appropriate calculations of the values of the total slip coefficients alternately on the sides of a vehicle, depending on the angles of rotation of its axles, using the single slip coefficients of its individual wheels directly when turning. The basis of the methodological approach in this study is a combination of system analysis of the principles of calculating the slip coefficients of a mechanical wheeled vehicle with an analytical investigation of problematic aspects of developing a model for calculating the slip coefficients of a vehicle with two steering axles. The results obtained indicate the presence of a persistent relationship between the slipping coefficients of a mechanical wheeled vehicle and the rotation angles of its two steering axles, including a number of other parameters that are important from the standpoint of traffic safety.

The indicators of dynamic qualities that ensure the traffic safety, as well as the permissible impact on the railway track, with the obligatory fulfillment of which the railway rolling stock can be used in the transportation process, are presented in this article. The purpose of this work was to carry out the complex dynamic (running), and the impact on the railway track, tests of the rolling stock, during which simultaneous registration of dynamic processes on the railway rolling stock, and in the elements of the superstructure of the track, is carried out, as well as in elements of turnouts. Dynamic tests were carried out on the track switches from the minimum speed to the maximum possible speed of 50 km/h by the TE33A diesel locomotive during the freight traffic. Meeting the requirement of reproducibility of test conditions and having a typical design of the track structure on wooden or reinforced concrete sleepers.

The article deals with the problem of estimating criteria of the road traffic quality used in domestic (Belarus) and foreign research works. Each separate property of the road traffic, as well as their entire set - the so-called "quality", can be assessed by means of losses - the smaller the loss is, the better the property and the higher the quality are. Evaluation using losses, which are expressed in money, is very convenient and clear, since it allows comparing contradictory properties of road traffic not only the each other, but the costs' expenses involved in their improving, as well. The value of the costs estimate of the time spent by a user in the process of travelling has not been officially established and is the subject of research. The proposed methodology makes it possible to assess, not only the quality of the road traffic in general, but its main components, as well, for example, traffic management or road conditions. It has been proved by methodology implementation findings on the streets in Minsk.

The aim of the article is to analyze the mobility of Polish residents and a change caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. For this purpose, a questionnaire study was conducted on changes in the mobility of Polish residents before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. It was carried out in December 2020, when the second wave of cases of the above-mentioned virus was ongoing in Poland. During the study of Polish residents, questions were asked about the purpose of their trip, means of transport, distance to the destination and duration of the trip, as well as the place of making purchases before and during the pandemic. In addition, respondents were asked whether the COVID-19 pandemic had affected their mobility. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the mobility of citizens, especially in the cities, has changed. Instead of using the public transport, they used cars, bicycles and walk.

Among the most important operational properties of articulated buses, ensuring their safety, it is necessary to note the course stability of traffic (CST), as often the loss of CST of a vehicle is accompanied by an accident. The parameters of the CST of a road train are closely related to the design of the running gear, in particular to the skew of the bus and trailer axles. The critical speed of rectilinear traffic was determined for different states of the articulated buses running system, which, in the absence of a bridge skew, was 32.1 m/s (116.6 km/h). The movement of the SSA is asymptotically stable. Under the action of perturbation, the stabilization time for lateral velocity is about 1 s and it increases to 2 s for the folding angle, but the amplitude of the backscatter of this angle is 10 times less than the initial perturbation, which indicates a stable asymptotic law of its change at small amplitude.

The use and significance of adhesives in various industries are explored, highlighting the growth of the adhesive market and the crucial role of time in adhesive bonding. The composition of adhesives, particularly polyurethane adhesives (PUR), is detailed, emphasizing their sensitivity to environmental factors, like moisture and UV radiation. Various factors influencing adhesive properties, such as reactivity and curing-induced shrinkage, are discussed, along with the importance of catalysts in adjusting reaction rates. One-component moisture-curable PUR adhesives are presented as versatile and continually improving alternatives in structural adhesive applications. The research's focus was to investigate the curing speed of Sikaflex-252 1-component PUR structural adhesive under different conditions, including room temperature, room temperature with ~30 % humidity, and room temperature with ~100 % humidity.

The study analysed the driving performance and visual impairment of 92 participants under six different distraction scenarios. Using a car simulator and by simulating two real-world roads, a variety of data was collected, including driver behavior and vehicle-related data. According to a statistical analysis conducted during and before the distraction on road 1, females significantly increased speed more than males when using a hand-held call (=scenario #3), hands-free call (=scenario #4), text (=scenario #6), and voice command text (=scenario #7). The Kruskal-Wallis H test was performed on gender, age, vehicle speed, throttle, and offset from the center of the road subcategories, while selecting the more correlated variable with each type of distraction. Finally, the generalized linear regression model was used to provide a significant relationship between the frequency of distraction and highly correlated independent variables.

The rail rolling stock undercarriage condition monitoring is proposed by using an automated measuring system, located on the railway track and measuring the specified parameters of the wheels directly, while the train is moving. Regular undercarriage condition monitoring reduces the costs of preventive maintenance of rolling stock without compromising the traffic safety. An algorithm has been developed for the operation of a special software package for visualizing and assessing monitoring data on the condition of the undercarriage of rail rolling stock. The software package consists of separate software modules that can be used independently of each other. It is possible to make short- or long-term predictions of the behavior of any of the monitored parameters using an proposed automated measuring system.

Travel restrictions due to COVID-19 initiated a radical rethink of the urban planning process, focussing on a concept initially proposed by Carlos Moreno in 2016; the "15-Minute City" model, aiming at the improvement of quality of life by creating or rearranging cities so that residents' needs can be reached within 15-minutes on foot or by bicycle or by public transit. In continuation to a research in 2020, this paper quantifies the attractiveness of the model to residents in nine regions of Sicily in 2022. Based on statistical analysis concerning the respondents' opinion, the model examined promotes walking as an anti-stress method and improves the overall health conditions at a community level. Therefore, policy makers can revalue the existing planning process and create a blueprint for a healthier and car-free lifestyle.

The article presents the results of an assessment of the impact of Eco-driving on the achieved emission parameters and performance characteristics of vehicles, with a particular focus on energy efficiency. The first part of the article presents the main principles of Eco-driving and then presents the results of experimental tests carried out on two vehicles powered by conventional fuel in the form of gasoline and substitute (unconventional) fuel in the form of LPG. The vehicles were operated under different traffic conditions. Based on the analysis of the experimental results, final conclusions were formulated. The analysis of the test results made it possible to demonstrate differences in the on-road energy consumption of the vehicles depending on the driving technique used and, in addition, the results obtained were compared to the energy intensity of electric vehicles as reported by their manufacturers.

The main purpose of this study was to compare the frequency of road fatalities in selected European countries, including Poland. Moreover, based on statistical data, the determination index R2 was determined for both the total number of road accidents and fatalities in road accidents in terms of the number of registered vehicles and the length of motorways in selected European countries. Results show the dependence of factors, such as road infrastructure and the number of registered motor vehicles, influence on the level of road safety in selected European countries.

The authors of this manuscript present development of a prototype protective UV-C half-face mask. The first stage of this study focuses on proposing a UV-C half-face mask design and the second phase investigates the quality of printings, 3D/2D roughness and porousness of three different printed samples of PA12. Development of the protective half-face mask used the non-destructive technology of 3D scanning of the human body by the Ein Scan scanner. As a part of the experiment, three samples were prepared with Sinterit Lisa, EOS Formiga and HP jet fusion printers. SLS and MJF technology were used during the experiment. The experimental observation of the structure of the surface was secured using the Alicona Infinite focus G5 device. The conclusions present the study's results and the authors' recommendations for other developers dealing with the development of the protective face masks.

The work presented here aims at investigating the feasibility of iron-based Fe-SMA (shape memory alloy) reinforcement as an alternative to conventional steel reinforcement. The conventional steel reinforcement shows large plastic strain, low resistance to corrosion, low resistance to fatigue and also inadequate recentering capability. As a result, advanced materials available in the form of superelastic (SE) shape memory alloy (SMA) are fabricated to form structural reinforcements. This FE-SMA mitigates the problem of long-lasting deflection by using its reversible stress-strain capability. This iron-based Fe-SMA may be stimulated between the temperatures of 90 to 150°C, with which it is possible to strengthen the reinforced concrete (RC) beams without any crucial damage. The stress-strain behavior in tension, corrosion resistivity, pull-out tests of Fe-SMA reinforcement and flexural strength of RC beam were evaluated experimentally. The FE-SMA exhibits recovery stresses of 250-300 MPa subjected to a temperature of 160°C. A comparison of load-carrying capacity of iron-based Fe-SMA reinforcement is also shown.

This study proposes an approach to determine transport delays at unsignalized intersections, according to the theory of stationary Poisson flow and considering the priority of vehicle traffic in competing directions. The accuracy of the proposed approach was estimated by comparing the average values of delays of vehicles performing a left turn from a minor road and their actual values obtained as a result of processing data from field studies. The results of the accuracy evaluation at unsignalized intersections of non-equivalent roads indicate the obtained results' reliability, because the calculation error does not exceed 10 %, as well as the possibility of using the developed approach in the process of transport planning and unsignalized intersections modelling.

Results of the study of the roughness and friction properties of the road surface of urban streets influence on the traffic safety are presented in this article. As a result of this study, an empirical dependence was obtained, reflecting the relationship between the traffic speed and a load factor under different traffic conditions; the relationship between the flow density and street capacity was also determined. The maximum permissible value of the friction coefficient for experimental streets is 0.4, and 50 % of the object of study meets the requirements of operation; 50 % does not. From the proposed graph of the relative dependence of pavement roughness and safety factor, it follows that the most dangerous are the streets, the pavement roughness of which is in unsatisfactory condition. To effectively solve the problem of destruction of the road surfaces, it is first of all necessary to eliminate the cause of the damage that occurs, not just its consequences.

Both the current cellular network and the planned 5G mobile network need to meet high dependability standards, very low latency requirements, larger capacity, better security and fast user communication. In order to support multiple independent tenants on the same physical infrastructure, mobile carriers are working towards end-to-end network resource allocation in 5G networks. Future communication networks will require data-driven decision making due to the increase in traffic and the accelerated performance of 5G networks. With the use of in-network deep learning and prediction, a "deep slice" model was built in this study to control network load efficiency and network availability. Even in the event of a network outage, the suggested model is capable of making wise selections and choosing the best network slice.

One of the main problems to be solved by the transport operators is the substantiation of the vehicle models servicing the transport lines. A game-theoretical approach is proposed in this paper to justify the bus model choice based on the passengers' preferences and the structure of the passenger flows. To estimate the customers' preferences, the membership functions for fuzzy sets of the optimal vehicle models were defined. The simulation experiment aiming to estimate the city fleet structure in terms of the vehicles' capacity was conducted for the Talas city (Kazakhstan) based on the proposed approach with use of the corresponding software implementation of the developed mathematical models. As a result of the experimental studies, the impact of the passengers' flow structure and the number of carriers on the rational structure of the city bus fleet was studied in the paper.

The efficiency of the public transport use is a complex indicator formed from a set of partial assessments of its economic, technical and environmental efficiency. Special attention must be paid to the evaluation of efficiency based on energy consumption, taking into account transport work on the city route. The article is devoted to study of the operation performance of a diesel city bus on the selected city route and determines its energy efficiency by specific fuel consumption per unit of transport work. Based on statistical data, the distribution patterns of the speed and acceleration of the bus on the studied route were determined. The analytical dependence of the specific fuel consumption on the average daily passenger flow capacity on the route is obtained and its adequacy is confirmed. Using the dependence obtained, the fuel consumption of the bus was estimated in individual hauls and a certain section of the route.

Geospatial data are increasingly used to model the terrain in the coastal zone, in particular in shallow waterbodies (with a depth of up to 1 m). In order to generate a terrain relief, it is important to choose a method for its modelling that will allow it to be accurately projected. Therefore, the aim of this publication is to analyze the terrain modelling methods in the coastal zone. For the purposes of the research, five most popular methods for terrain modelling were described: Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW), Modified Shepard's Method (MSM), Natural Neighbor Interpolation (NNI), kriging and spline. Each of the methods has been described in a uniform way in terms of: the essence of its operation, mathematical expression and application examples. The advantages and disadvantages of each of the methods for terrain modelling are also discussed. It should be stated that the choice of the method for the terrain modelling of a shallow waterbody is not unambiguous, as it depends on the type of data recorded during bathymetric and photogrammetric measurements.

This article presents a technology that is not widely known. Previous research has investigated the effect of metal injection molding parameters on product shrinkage. The technology is mostly limited by the variations caused by deformation, so it is of paramount importance to focus on shrinkage. Consequently, within this study the injection molding simulations with 17-4PH type material was performed and its results were compared to the previously determined curve characters. The results obtained allow conclusions to be drawn regarding the accuracy of the simulation. Changing the parameters of the injection molding process can significantly affect the shrinkage factor. Changes in mold temperature, melt temperature and holding pressure affect the product dimensions. These parameters are also modified in the simulation setup and compared to the previous real measurements.

The Fire Rescue Service of the Czech Republic is a security force whose primary task is to protect the lives and health of the population from fire and other emergency and critical situations. Members of the Fire Rescue Service of the Czech Republic need special firefighting appliances for performing these public services. The first-response firefighting vehicles are professionally denominated as firefighting vehicles. These vehicles are used to transport units of firefighters, fire extinguishers and a technical equipment to a scene of an intervention. Traffic accidents occur occasionally while an emergency drive. Traffic accidents always have a negative economic impact on a fire protection unit and can endanger its operational capacity in the short term. This paper summarizes results of a traffic accidents analysis of a major group of emergency firefighting vehicles - water tenders.

The article presents the results of testing the validity of the hypothesis about the possibility of isolating the exhaust gases of the internal combustion engine (exhaust gas source). The objective was to conduct an experimental study of the "exhaust gas source - storage tank" system. In the experimental study, the following was performed: establishment of influencing factors and output parameters; selecting the number of experiments; methods and means of measurement; conducting an experiment at the stand.

The features of designing the frame of a universal container made of square pipes are presented in this paper. The two frame loading schemes are taken into account: the effect of vertical loading on the container frame when it is lifted by the upper corner fittings (I loading mode); the effect of longitudinal loading on the frame during transportation by the rail transport (II loading mode). Mathematical modeling was performed to determine the longitudinal loading acting on the container in the II loading mode. The determined acceleration is taken into account when constructing the schemes of force factors that arise in the frame. The strength of the frame was calculated using the finite element method, which was implemented in SolidWorks Simulation. The conducted research could contribute to creation of recommendations and developments regarding the design of modern structures of modular vehicles.

The aim of the article is to assess the efficiency of the parking system on the example of the Jadwizyn estate in Pila in the light of sustainable development. For this purpose, an organoleptic test of the use of the parking space was carried out for 7 consecutive days, at three different times of the day (morning, noon, evening) in December and January.

The issue of sustainability of public transport is constantly receiving attention from both government and research. One possible solution, demand responsive transport (DRT), can increase accessibility in rural areas, improve the quality of service as well as reduce the costs. This paper estimates the operational costs for different types of vehicles in DRT in person-kilometers and compares it to the current costs of standard bus transport for year 2021 and analyses the capacity, occupancy and ticket prices of fixed-route bus transport. As the results indicate, in many cases the costs of DRT are higher compared to standard bus transport, but by increasing the occupancy of vehicles the DRT can provide savings up to 66 %. The use of cars, as well as car-sharing, show higher costs, which is mainly related to a low transport capacity. As the most appropriate vehicles of DRT have been identified micro buses and minibuses.

The mechanical, microstructural and statical interpretation of the Alkali Activated Concrete (AAC), prepared using fly ash with crushed granulated corex slag as the binder ingredient, are examined in this work. Here, cast in-situ alkali-activated concrete strengths and substitute slag concentrations of 0-50 % by fly-ash weight were undertaken to determine a workable manufacturing process and were all considered for up to 28 days. Moreover, in microstructural research, C-A-S-H gel is produced by adding Ground Granulated Corex Slag (GGCS) to the binder-generated structural changes in the in-situ alkali-activated concrete. As a result, this research obtained perfect mixture fractions by synthesizing 25 % GGCS with 0.4 % of the liquid-to-binder ratio, in addition, a unified desirability of 80 % was attained.

The study carried out an analysis of the vehicle traffic parameters on a national road in 2011-2016. The variability and uncertainty of results were evaluated. An analysis of traffic data recorded on the city's entry and exit lanes was carried out. The variations in traffic volume are of interest e.g. in dynamic traffic management systems and navigation services, examining the benefits of flexible work time and places and assessing the environmental effects of traffic congestion. Research has shown that the assumption that lanes perform equally is not always true. Traffic volume models should be periodically calibrated taking into account the shape of the daily profile, which may, for example, allow public transport timetables to be more responsive to the needs of travelers.

The paper addresses the driving dynamics of emergency fire trucks. It focuses on the issues of braking, measuring real braking distances and calculating adhesion coefficients. It presents the results of measuring the real braking distances for firefighting vehicles - type water tenders. Measurements were taken on dry asphalt and depending on the vehicle's speed of travel. Experiments were conducted on five types of firefighting vehicles. The results of measurements are mainly used by fire protection units to the drivers' self-education to improve safety when driving to intervene.