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Transport is a phenomenon currently used in almost every sector. That is why attention is to be paid to transport safety, which should not only be addressed in relation to situation in cities or urban areas, but it is also necessary to deal with transport safety in larger enterprises where motor traffic encounters non-motorized traffic. The authors elaborated a similar research study. The introductory two sections analyze the current situation in terms of identifying bottlenecks of the traffic organization on the industrial site and possible separation of motor from non-motorized traffic to ensure safe access to workplaces and improve safety of transport on the site. In the most important part of the study, the obtained results are presented, wherein the "load" of the individual entry and exit points is specified. Thereafter, based on the acquired data, particular solutions related to transport safety with appropriate discussion are proposed.

The Fire Rescue Service of the Czech Republic is a security force whose primary task is to protect the lives and health of the population from fire and other emergency and critical situations. Members of the Fire Rescue Service of the Czech Republic need special firefighting appliances for performing these public services. The first-response firefighting vehicles are professionally denominated as firefighting vehicles. These vehicles are used to transport units of firefighters, fire extinguishers and a technical equipment to a scene of an intervention. Traffic accidents occur occasionally while an emergency drive. Traffic accidents always have a negative economic impact on a fire protection unit and can endanger its operational capacity in the short term. This paper summarizes results of a traffic accidents analysis of a major group of emergency firefighting vehicles - water tenders.

The analysis of the statistical values of wear of brake pads in operation, based on which a wear model was developed, is presented in this paper. This model can be used for predicting the remaining service life of brake pads according to the wagon mileage.
The distribution function of wear on the upper and lower parts of the pad was determined, which made it possible to find the main qualitative characteristics, namely, the wear intensity, the γ-percentage wear, and the average pad wear at a specified wagon mileage.
The results of the study can be factored for solving complex engineering problems of excessive wear of composite brake pads used for freight rolling stock; they could also help to extend the guaranteed overhaul period and improve the railway traffic safety.

This study conducts an in-depth exploration into the principal factors that influence the reliability of specialized rail cars and auto-rail vehicles. It places a particular emphasis on key performance metrics including the average operational duration prior to failure, the proba¬bility of faultless operation, the rate of failure, and the gamma-percentage resource. Addition¬ally, the paper examines various methodologies for computing these metrics and quantitatively evaluating their respective values. It elucidates how specific units of electromechanical equip¬ment, which operate in conjunction with asynchronous motors and clutches, exhibit distribution patterns during failure that overlap between exponential and normal distributions. The study further presents a mathematical formula to approximate the reliability density of the distribution, a critical factor in recalibrating the metrics associated with specialized rail cars.

This study explores the significant role of three-wheelers (3W) on urban road traffic, focusing on the reduction in average vehicle speeds and its consequential impact on the Level of Service (LOS) of the road. Data collected from various traffic volumes reveal significant speed reductions ranging from 4 % to 35 % due to the movement of 3Ws on the road. To model this phenomenon, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is employed. The resulting reductions in speed, induced by the 3W, trigger LOS degradation, leading to congestion and delays. A noteworthy finding is that the traffic flow naturally gravitates towards the LOS C, underscoring the substantial role played by the 3W in diminishing the overall LOS of the road. This research offers critical insights into the dynamics of urban traffic influenced by the 3W, providing a valuable foundation for traffic management and urban planning efforts.

The issue of sustainability of public transport is constantly receiving attention from both government and research. One possible solution, demand responsive transport (DRT), can increase accessibility in rural areas, improve the quality of service as well as reduce the costs. This paper estimates the operational costs for different types of vehicles in DRT in person-kilometers and compares it to the current costs of standard bus transport for year 2021 and analyses the capacity, occupancy and ticket prices of fixed-route bus transport. As the results indicate, in many cases the costs of DRT are higher compared to standard bus transport, but by increasing the occupancy of vehicles the DRT can provide savings up to 66 %. The use of cars, as well as car-sharing, show higher costs, which is mainly related to a low transport capacity. As the most appropriate vehicles of DRT have been identified micro buses and minibuses.

In a developing country like India where jaywalking is prevalent than using designated crosswalks, pedestrian safety is a major concern. Development of pedestrian level of service (PLOS) is essential for monitoring pedestrian safety for these manoeuvres. The present research incorporates a new methodology to evaluate pedestrian LOS for jaywalkers. The study is conducted in a smart city of Bhubaneswar in India. The pedestrian crossing speeds ranged from 0.6 to 1.4 m/s. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are used to determine the pedestrian crossing speeds from vehicular and pedestrian counts whose outputs are close to the field data. A 2-step K-means clustering technique is employed to determine the Pedestrian LOS ranges based on pedestrian crossing speeds. Urban planners, transportation engineers, and legislators can use the methodology to determine PLOS levels to create the pedestrian-friendly infrastructure.

The  public  service  system  serves  population  spread  over  a  geographical  area from a given number of service centers. One of the possible approaches to  the  problem  with  two  or  more  simultaneously  applied  contradicting  objectives  is  determination  of  the  so-called  Pareto  front,  i.e.  set  of  all  the  feasible non-dominated solutions. The Pareto front determination represents a crucial computational deal, when a large public service system is designed using  an  exact  method.  This  process  complexity  evoked  an  idea  to  use  an  evolutionary  metaheuristic,  which  can  build  up  a  set  of  non-dominated  solution  continuously  in  the  form  of  an  elite  set.  Nevertheless,  the  latter  approach does not assure that the resulting set of solutions represents the true Pareto front of the multi-objective problem solutions. Within this paper, authors  deal  with  both  approaches  to  evaluate  the  difference  between  the  exact and heuristic approaches.

The paper presents a fire service determined picture of road safety in Poland in its operational (non-system and system) dimensions. It focuses on the road risk assessment, using data related to interventions conducted in 2015-2019 by entities of the State Firefighting Rescue System. The database of the Main Headquarters of the State Fire Service in Poland is adopted and 661,775 emergency road interventions are taken into account.The results state general framework for procedures, resource allocation and training for fire services. The framework is determined by the riskiest kinds of events on the Polish roads. It refers to micro scale (in relation to operational procedures, tactics and strategies, allocation of equipment and training programs) and macro scale (regarding to emergency system, central-planned equipment procurements and training framework).

The expansion of infrastructure in developing countries have led to a surge in car ownership. Although cars offer greater safety, their less passenger occupancy has contributed to reduced level of service (LOS). The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of passenger occupancy of various modes of transport on LOS. Detailed on-field surveys, including video recordings and questionnaires have been used to collect data, which is subsequently analyzed. The study findings suggest that a huge improvement in LOS and congestion can be achieved if public transportation is used more. Even usage of 3Ws and 2Ws can reduce congestion compared to usage of cars. While a person using a bus uses just 0.48 m2 of the road space, a person using car uses 2.23 m2 of the road space. The findings of this research are intended to inform traffic engineers and practitioners in developing more balanced traffic management strategies.

The article presents the results of research aimed at assessing the residual life and the possibility of extending the service life of cast parts of a UVZ-9M three-axle bogie used in six-axle scale test wagons. The tests have shown that the maximum stresses in the most stressed areas of the side frame, spring and pivot beams are within acceptable values, which indicates the presence of a residual life. The analysis of safety margin coefficients confirmed that the bogie elements have a significant reserve of operational characteristics. Calculations of the full service life of cast parts, performed based on the experimental data, demonstrated a sufficient residual life to prolong their use. It has been scientifically and experimentally proven that the cast parts of the UVZ-9M three-axle bogie can be safely operated for 5 years.

Speed humps are used to reduce vehicle speeds and enhance the road safety. However, there has been very limited study that discusses the Level of Service (LOS) that a speed hump provides to its road users. The present study attempts to designate LOS for movement on speed humps based on user perception. A perception-based survey in google forms was collected to assess the opinions of daily commuters while moving over speed humps along their regular routes to work which comprised various socio demographic and technical factors along with recommendations and suggestions. The study employed clustering technique to determine the Level of Service range. The results offer valuable insights into the effectiveness and acceptance of speed humps as a traffic calming measure for enhancing the road safety and could serve as a basis for potential improvements in speed hump design and implementation.

Road accident and road safety are the key global concerns and problem for emerging nations like India. It has been attempted to examine the accidents that happened on Major District Road (MDR) 132 (Nuh to Hodal), India in the last five years. The primary objective of this study was to perform the Road Safety Audit for identification of accident-prone areas based on Accident Severity Index (ASI) and provide some improvement measures in order to lower the frequency and severity of accidents. Identified accident prone locations (blackspots) were ranked according to the ASI index. The distribution of accidents based on various parameters were also discussed. Site visit of critical sections of the road to observe road deficiencies were made and safety recommendations, along with the risk associated with them and priority as per IRC: SP: 88-2019, were suggested.

In this paper are summarized the results of measurements of the driving characteristics of fire-fighting vehicles during the braking from high speeds. Two water tender vehicles manufactured by TATRA, used by the Fire Rescue Service of the Czech Republic, were compared. The tested vehicles differ in their braking systems. In the study are monitored the braking distance and deceleration, which were compared with previous tests focusing on tire type, test track surface, and weather conditions. When braking from a speed of 80 km/h, the worst results of the braking distance were recorded for SCANIA of 64 m and TATRA TerrNo1 (9T5 2243), of 73 m. These vehicles were equipped with drum brakes. In the case of the SCANIA vehicle, the cause was the heating of the drum brakes. For the TATRA TerrNo1, the reduced braking efficiency was likely due to the brake wear and thermal effects on the drum brakes.

Roundabouts have proven to be an effective intersection design method for smooth traffic flow movements and improved safety. Previous studies show that VISSIM, commercial traffic simulation software, can be used as a proficient tool for modeling and efficiently analyzing roundabouts. This paper focuses on developing a methodology for modeling roundabouts in India using VISSIM. Three typical roundabouts were chosen from the northern part of India. Calibration and validation of the model were performed to ensure the correctness of the model. The average delay and volume to capacity ratio (v/c ratio) were compared for developing the level of service (LOS) thresholds for Indian conditions. The thresholds are compared with existing guidelines provided by the HCM 2010 and AUSTROADS. In addition, the methodology for determining modification factors for applying HCM 2010 delay model in Indian traffic conditions is defined.

This research was conducted to investigate the current state of transportation, as well as the transportation costs of the residents of towns with affordable residential houses, by preparing and presenting a questionnaire to these residents. In this questionnaire, things like housing costs, the amount of travel to the city center, satisfaction with public transportation services and its variety, easy access to public transportation and required places, the amount of use of public transportation and private vehicles were examined and solutions to reduce transportation costs were presented. Although the price of housing in the towns is lower than in the city center; the costs of transporting the residents of these towns are significant. In addition, the state of public transportation and access to needed places is unfavorable, so that about 60 % of the interviewees were dissatisfied with public transportation services.

This study provides a teaching-learning-based optimization (TLBO) path planning method for an autonomous vehicle in a cluttered environment, which takes into account path smoothness and the possibility of collision with nearby obstacles. The path planning problem is tackled as a multiobjective optimization in order to plan an efficient path that allows the vehicle to travel autonomously in crowded settings. The TLBO algorithm is used to find the ideal path, with the goals of finding the shortest path to the target site and maximizing path smoothness, while avoiding obstacles and taking into account the vehicle's dynamic and algebraic properties.

This research investigates freight forwarders' operational risks when entering a new transport market characterized by stochastic demand. A simulation model was developed to represent the service request flow potentially experienced by a freight forwarder in a new market. The proposed model incorporates key operational parameters such as average request interval, service tariff, and request processing time. Based on the simulation results, a regression model was developed to predict the market entry risk. The obtained model demonstrates that the risk increases with longer average request intervals between service requests and decreases with higher service tariffs. The findings provide insights for freight forwarders seeking to enter new markets. The simulation-based approach offers a practical tool for assessing operational risks and informing strategic decisions related to market entry and service pricing.

The time when the only job of a manager was to delegate work to employees is over. At the present time, an ability to motivate employees is considered an essential skill for managers. It is complex and systematic effort of a manager to create a working environment and atmosphere supporting the inner needs and interests of employees affecting their behaviour and stimulating the performance positively. Differences in the level of workers' motivation in repair and maintenance service enterprise in the rail transport was defined using the sample set of almost 1,000 respondents and ANOVA and Duncan test. Following the results, it can be stated that the structure of motivation factors, as well as their importance, changed significantly in repair and maintenance service enterprise in the rail transport over the observation period.

This article describes the results of research focused on service quality after transportation by railway freight transport. The importance of these services completes the final quality of service and has crucial importance for customers considering the future use of railway transport. The proposed algorithm of evaluation of services after transportation is based on dynamic model of Raymond Fisk. This model represents a support tool for increasing service quality in the area of railway transport.

The research presented in paper has focused on design of the transportation evacuation during a special flood caused by an accident at a water structure using GIS-enabled network analysis. Freely available population and address point data were used to calculate the number of residents at risk. Three scenarios of time required for each evacuation activity were determined using the PERT method, and the time required for evacuation was determined using a Gantt chart. The approach proposed in the paper is suitable for obtaining relatively quick results that can be taken into account when preparing for crisis events. The results of the case study proved that the evacuation can be carried out in the necessary time, but revealed possible shortcomings of the proposed approach. These shortcomings are discussed along with possible alternative solutions and other factors influencing the evacuation planning process.

The aim of this paper is a critical discussion on application of a framework for tourism disaster management and the response of governments and communities to crises and disasters. Perception of danger and threat might be decisive factors, which could undermine image, reputation, and competiveness of a country. It might have also a decisive influence on the performance of a country from the economic point of view and especially influence on service provisions, for instance infrastructure (transportation), safety and security. The conceptual approach to research is based on analysis and discussion of the applied models of crisis management in tourism. Main purpose of this paper is to overview and compare methodological and conceptual approaches of academics to crises and disasters in published articles dealing with the creation of pro-active risk management models and their application.

This paper deals with the emergency service system design using the weighted p-median problem formulation. In such systems, not only the disutility of an average user is minimized, but also the disutility of the worst situated users must be taken into account. To cope with both objectives, we suggest a composed method. In the first phase, the disutility of the worst situated user is minimized. The second phase is based on the min-sum approach to optimize the average user's disutility. To formulate the mathematical models, the radial approach is used mainly for its excellent performance characteristics. Within this paper, we concentrate on effective usage of the radial approach to develop an algorithm for robust emergency service system design. A robust service system design is usually performed so that the design complies with specified scenarios so that the maximal objective function value of the individual instances corresponding with particular scenarios is minimized. To find the value paid for making the system resistant to catastrophic events, a new conception called the price of robustness is introduced.

This study is an attempt to derive and to compare the Passenger Car Unit (PCU) values of vehicle types present in the stream, obtained using the Chandra's method, homogeneous coefficient method, speed-based modelling, and multiple linear regression method. Using the data collected from five sites of Sonipat City with varying traffic and geometric characteristics, it was found that Chandra's method is the best method to derive the PCU values in heterogeneous traffic conditions on divided urban roads. The PCU values obtained from Chandra's method are closer to IRC (Indian Roads Congress) code values. The PCU value of e-rickshaw was also estimated in this study, and it was found that it is smaller than one using the Chandra's method. The result of the comparison of obtained PCU values and values given in the IRC code points to conclusion that the IRC codes pertaining to PCU values need revision.

A vital mode of transportation for short term mobility is paratransit. There are several studies on paratransit safety in developed nations but the developing nations like Bangladesh pay less attention to the issue. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to evaluate the safety of paratransit using the perceptions of riders and drivers. Negative binomial model (NBM) was used to calibrate the safety of paratransit using 451 responses in Chittagong city. The study's findings highlight the significance of perceptions of travel safety in enhancing accessibility during the routine travel. Vehicle speed limits (km/h), which reduce the chance of accidents and having an institutional driver's license are among the variables that have emerged for the betterment of safety. Therefore, identifying factors that can makes these transportation systems safer will allow service managers and controllers to optimize passenger and driver safety.

The development of IT technologies in the systems of tickets sales facilitates the charging and differentiating the fare amounts versus distance, as well as in the systems of public transport on short distances, in the urban, suburban and regional transport. The essence of the transport activity consists in covering a distance and a part of cost components and thereby the total costs, increase with the distance covered by means of transport. In a similar way the calculation of fares depending on distances may be considered as the most appropriate from the point of view of transport as a service. Inaccuracies and deviations during the distance measurements have various results, which further on may have effect on analyses, comparisons, correctness during the fare calculations, as well as settlements related to public financing of the public transport. An independent and precise distance measurement is indispensable to eliminate the impact of the measurement method on distances.

This paper is focused on the evaluation of data obtained from operational records of fire appliances for the period 2010 - 2013 with emphasis on fire appliances built on Mercedes-Benz chassis. These vehicles are operated by the professional units of Fire Rescue Service of the Moravian-Silesian Region. The data recorded in electronic form in operational records were analysed. The primary result of this analysis was the selection of repairs after failure. Failure severity with regard to the functional reliability of fire appliances was used as selection criterion. Subsequently the assessment of the reliability was performed by setting selected characteristics from a group of complex reliability indicators.

The pedestrian behavior at five signalized crosswalks in Kielce, was analyzed in this study with a particular focus on the increasing use of mobile phones and other electronic devices while crossing the street. Compared to previous ITS studies, which showed that 7% of pedestrians used phones, the current study reveals a significant increase in this phenomenon, with percentages ranging from 14 to 60%. The highest levels of phone usage and risky behaviors were observed at the intersection of Aleja Solidarnosci and Swietokrzyska Street. The results also indicate a decrease in the number of cases of crossing on a red light but an increase in the number of pedestrians crossing during the flashing green signal. The study results point to the need for targeted educational campaigns and the adaptation of infrastructure to address the new challenges associated with mobile device use by pedestrians.

This paper deals with the fair public service system design using the weighted p-median problem formulation. Studied generalized system disutility follows the idea that the individual user's disutility comes from more than one located service center and the contributions from relevant centers are weighted by some coefficients. To achieve fairness in such systems, various schemes may be applied. The strongest criterion consists in the process when the disutility of the worst situated users is minimized first, and then the disutility of better located users is optimized under the condition that the disutility of the worst situated users does not worsen. Hereby, we focus on the first step and try to find an effective solving method based on the radial formulation. The main goal of this study is to show how suitable solving method for the min-max optimal system design can save computational time and bring precise results.

The research is aimed at solving the problem of traffic congestion during the underground repair work in cities. The goal is to develop and analyze a modular mobile overpass that ensures continuous traffic without bypassing repair areas. The stress-strain state of the spatial steel frame of the orthogonal overpass module was studied using analytical methods of structural mechanics - the displacement method and the force method. Critical forces are determined, relationships between bending moments and stiffness of elements are revealed, optimal parameters ensuring strength and stability of structure are determined. The results confirm the feasibility of the mobile overpass as an effective engineering solution to reduce the transport delays and environmental load, forming the basis for the design of next-generation mobile bridge systems.