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Airspace domain may be represented by a time-space consisting of a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system and time as the fourth dimension. A coordinate system provides a scheme for locating points given its coordinates and vice versa. The choice of coordinate system is important, as it transforms data to geometric representation. Visualization of the three and more dimensional data on the two-dimensional drawing - computer monitor is usually done by projection, which often can restrict the amount of information presented at a time. Using the parallel coordinate system is one of possibilities to present multidimensional data. The aim of this article is to describe basics of parallel coordinate system and to investigate lines and their characteristics in time-space.

In order to reduce the cost of designing and manufacturing of the new-generation open wagons, it is proposed to construct their carrying systems from round pipes. In order to exploit the proposed designs of wagons in international rail-water communication, it is assumed that they will be equipped with assemblies for fastening of chain binders. The maximal values of accelerations, as components of dynamic load acting on open wagons, made from round pipes during their transportation on a railway ferry, are determined. It is established that when moving the body in the vertical direction for a wagon located on the upper deck, the maximum acceleration value is 0.84g, with angular displacement relative to the transverse axis for the extreme from the anchor point of the wagon body - is 0.1 g, with angular displacement around the longitudinal axis for the extreme from the bulwark of the body of the wagon - is 0.24g. The conducted researches will enable increased efficiency of operation of open wagons through international transport corridors.

The number of alternatively powered vehicles in Poland and EU is growing steadily. Different type of vehicle drive trains determine variations in their performances from economical and environmental technological aspects. The aim of this paper was to investigate the cost efficiency and environmental aspects of midsize passenger cars equipped with different drive train technologies: conventional, hybrid, electric and LPG fueled engine. To this purpose, the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) method was used. Calculations were carried out by AFLEET Tool. The results show that the LPG fueled car has the lowest TCO, while the cars equipped with electric drivetrain indicate the highest TCO. However the electric car recorded the lowest cost of air pollutant emissions and externalities costs.

The article presents the results of research into the strength of the hatch covers of general-purpose open wagons. It was detected that strength of the standard hatch covers is not provided in operational loading diagrams. Therefore, new designs of the hatch covers for open wagons were proposed. The results of the strength calculation, implemented with the finite element method, make it possible to conclude that at basic and additional operational loading diagrams the strength values for proposed designs of hatch covers do not exceed the admissible values. The research conducted can contribute to a higher strength of the carrying structures of the bodies of general-purpose open wagons in operation, thus, guaranteeing a higher operational efficiency of the rail transport.

The goal of the paper is to assess the territorial development in terms of the public rail transport in conditions of the Czech Republic or, more precisely, in the south of Bohemia. The capacity utilisation of the railway line No. 190 in the direction from Ceske Budejovice to the target station of Strakonice is analysed and the suitable deployment of the set of wagons, intended to be used in providing the basic transport services in the low-populated areas, is evaluated. The paper is concerned with the current situation in utilising the capacities on the railway line No. 190 with respect to the future utilisation of the railway links that will be affected by economic factors in the form of the reduced fare for students and pensioners. To this end, the mathematical and statistical methods, which will pre-define the suitability of the choice of capacities of the set of wagons in providing the basic transport services, will be applied.

The freight transport performance is growing. The transport sector is also one of the largest producers of emissions. This must be reflected not only by production companies but also by other stakeholders. The issue of transport emissions is particularly important for city residents, so today the concept of sustainable city logistics is emphasized. Companies should deal with the amount of produced emissions. The use of emission calculators would support operational, tactical and strategic business decision-making. The aim of this article is to analyse the approaches used in available free calculators of emission arising from the freight transport. The focus was on the transport modes that calculators include, input data, output data and methodologies used to calculate emissions. The method of systematic review was used to search analysed freight transport emissions calculators. The method of content analysis was used to analyse inputs, outputs and freight transport emissions calculator's methodologies. The method of qualitative comparative analysis was used to analyse and compare the freight transport emissions calculators.

The main goal of this paper is to analyse recent trends in freight transport volumes as well as their relation to socio-economic and infrastructural variables, in the case of the following major European countries: France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain and the United Kingdom. This analysis refers to the period 2005-2016, so that years affected by the global economic crisis, which shows its peak in 2009, are taken into account. This research demonstrated that not all the countries under study show a strong relation between freight traffic and GDP as it could have been expected based on well consolidated experiences and studies. Moreover, other relations are investigated, with mixed results, between the freight traffic volumes and the extension of the rail and road networks as well as oil price data.

Track-side inertial measurements on common crossings are the object of the present study. The paper deals with the problem of measurement's interpretation for the estimation of the crossing structural health. The problem is manifested by the weak relation of measured acceleration components and impact lateral distribution to the lifecycle of common crossing rolling surface. The popular signal processing and machine learning methods are explored to solve the problem. The Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT) method is used to extract the time-frequency features of acceleration components. The method is based on Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) that is advantageous to the conventional spectral analysis methods with higher frequency resolution and managing nonstationary nonlinear signals. Linear regression and Gaussian Process Regression are used to fuse the extracted features in one structural health (SH) indicator and study its relation to the crossing lifetime. The results have shown the significant relation of the derived with GPR indicator to the lifetime.

The Cargo Mix Problem (CMP) chooses and distributes types of containers to load into bay subsections of a container vessel. In this paper, we extend existing Mixed Integer Programming models for the CMP by considering containers with dangerous goods. We show that our model can be optimally solved in reasonable time using standard software.

Capacity assessment of urban roads according to Slovak standard does not sufficiently take into account the influence of vehicle maneuvers on road section performance between the two intersections. This research analyzed turning relations on selected urban road intersections and the influence of right turn and left turn on major stream speed changes. For the purpose of determining the influence of the right turn on decrease in capacity, measurements were carried out at 7 uncontrolled intersections with curve radius ranging from 6 to 30m. To determine the influence of the left turn on the capacity of urban road a critical gap was evaluated, using the Raff's, method, based on the analysis of accepted and rejected gaps in the major traffic stream, which was one of the main inputs for simulations. The findings were used to determine the influence of selected maneuvers on the road capacity, which led to a proposal for reduction coefficients based on computational analysis performed using simulations in PTV VISSIM.

Main purpose of this paper is to point out the problems considering the modern scientific usage of methods, ways and approaches, including the crime investigation of traffic accidents-collisions. We want to show the basic need of experienced traffic crime detective, his/her deep knowledge of the whole issue - the process of the traffic accident perpetrating as a complex process with the direct impact on the traffic crime detective work, which could be used in the process of the clearance the case, the video-record output created by program PC CRASH as the virtual element of legal evidence, enabling deeper knowledge of the whole process.

Reliability and safety of energy, drinking water deliveries and draining wastewater from built- up areas in cities and villages have many proportions and technical-operational conditions. Among basic requirements of the use of all types of residential or manufacturing objects in the 21st century is reliable delivery of drinking water, draining and cleaning of urban and industrial sewage. Disturbance or putting out of service of this type of infrastructure has always a domino effect. Gradually growing reliance of user base of all types of drinking water consumers leads especially in the section of the public or private infrastructure to restriction or complete stoppage of their operation. The following article defines in basic range the ways and means how to lower the danger that an emergency situation in operational systems of drinking water will be unmanageable and how to prevent natural or anthropogenic threats at the particular type of technical infrastructure.

In this paper we review common studies from the years 1984-2015 of problems occurring in uniform scheduling of workload distributions. These problems were formulated first by Pesko in dealing with the practical problem of regular scheduling of service vehicles. Given the nonnegative, real matrix with daily records of vehicles as columns, we need to minimize some irregularity measure of row sums (workloads) by permuting matrix columns. The problem has various practical modifications, such as the weighted rows of matrix, workload uncertainty variance, graph approach of exchange of elements and generalized inverse formulations. Some of them are presented in the paper.

The IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is a control architecture framework for the Next Generation Network (NGN). It is expected that this new network architecture will provide a new kind of IP multimedia services delivered in network converged environments. The NGN and IMS, even after the years of a standardization effort, are still hot networking topics. One of the communities, which adopt emerging communications standards into their products fast, is the open source community. In present days, there are a few open source products, which allow building the IMS environment. However, there are at least two domains for which they are especially helpful. It is teaching/learning of the IMS architecture and testing service eployment in a nearly real environment. This article provides a survey of available open source products. It also describes the experience with the implementation, establishment and running an IMS testbed, which has been built up on an open source client and server entities. At the server side, the focus is on the Kamailio IMS platform.

Due to the recent shift toward cloud based computing, some of the world's leading standardization bodies have combined forces to provide guidelines and standards for native implementation of RealTime Communication (RTC) in the browsers. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) works on WebRTC APIs [1], while the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is concerned with underlying standards [2]. Their efforts led to the development of WebRTC project by Google, Mozilla and Opera, which is an open framework that allows browsers to be RTC ready [3]. In this paper, we examine WebRTC from a Quality of Service (QoS) perspective, focusing on Mouth-to-Ear (M2E) delays under various application configurations.

The pavement structure, namely pavement surfacing must meet the criteria required to provide operational service during the whole life cycle of the pavement. Surfacing design composed of layer strengths and proposed materials is defined by design method which calculates the stress state during long-term transport and environmental conditions. The designed surfacing life cycle is defined in respect to traffic load acting on the pavement and road class for a period of about 20 years. Given the practical aspects of road administration, pavement reconstruction is usually due only at the end of the life cycle, when the original materials are replaced by new materials and the layer strength is re-evaluated. Since the overall life cycle of the whole pavement is significantly longer than that of the surfacing, it is necessary to consider possibilities to extend the life cycle of the surfacing either through various technologies, i.e. reinforcement, overlays or recycling. Timing of execution of such action plays a paramount role, and it has impacts on future financial flows of road administrator as well as economic aspects of transportation for the whole society. This paper describes analytical calculations and experimental measurements of surfacing materials, as well as accelerated pavement testing process needed for ascertainment of operational performance of a pavement construction during its life cycle. Finally, a case study encompassing the whole method is presented.

The idea and purpose of this article reside in addressing the postal system model by decomposing into independent subsystems in the form of displaying through a layered network model. Postal service is generally seen as a sequence of processes for collecting and distributing shipments for the purpose of their delivery. This service can also be defined as service guaranteeing functions in identified layers of the postal system. This allows to identify the functions and protocols for mutual communication and interoperability between different postal systems including solutions of issues of regulation.

Reliability and safety of energy, drinking water deliveries and draining wastewater from built- up areas in cities and villages have many proportions and technical-operational conditions. Among basic requirements of the use of all types of residential or manufacturing objects in the 21st century is reliable delivery of drinking water, draining and cleaning of urban and industrial sewage. Disturbance or putting out of service of this type of infrastructure has always a domino effect. Gradually growing reliance of user base of all types of drinking water consumers leads especially in the section of the public or private infrastructure to restriction or complete stoppage of their operation. The following article defines in basic range the ways and means how to lower the danger that an emergency situation in operational systems of drinking water will be unmanageable and how to prevent natural or anthropogenic threats at the particular type of technical infrastructure.

This paper is focused on the evaluation of economic data obtained from operational records of fire-fighting equipment with a focus on Firefighting and Rescue Appliance type of vehicles, especially on exit vehicles based on the chassis Renault Midlum, during the period 2006 - 2013. These vehicles were operated by professional units of the Fire and Rescue Service of the Zlin Region. The paper's aim is to specify the optimum lifetime of the fire-fighting vehicles by the marginal analysis of fire-fighting vehicles' economical operation. Theoretic calculations of the optimum lifetime have been processed with implementing both the method of exponential trends, and Brown method. The residual value of vehicles has been calculated both according to the current Czech tax law, and to the Expert Standard Valuation of motor vehicles in force in the Czech Republic.

This article contains a short history of existing types of mixed transport in Russia and abroad. The system of export freight delivery is analyzed in association with all forms of interaction between various modes of transportation and the subjects of the transport service market (TSM). There is focus not only on the transport complex organization departments and management levels of various modes of transportation, but also on other TSM subjects (carriers, cargo owners, forwarders, stevedores, marine agents, banks, organizations responsible for expertise, customs control and document completion, etc.).

Taking into consideration safety and security viewpoints of persons and property protection, evacuation as common protection mean is well known. Actually, object state-of-the-art comprises solutions generally based on experience gathered in countries much more affected by mass threats as Central Europe nationalities. Voluntary evacuation is treated as the most common evacuation form. Article presents the comparison of research conducted in USA and Poland defining voluntary evacuation scale as a significant risk factor. The evacuation risk influence determinants are described and risk assessment guidelines are performed. The guidelines are related to the state-of-the-art and the local Central Europe determinants.

This work presents results of strength analyses of a modified freight wagon bogie frame. It consists of two main parts. The first part is addressed to introduction of the structure of a freight wagon bogie frame. It is a modified frame structure, which reflects current requirements of modern railway transport means. The conditions for rail vehicles approval and the main load cases, which every bogie frame must meet for commissioning, are described. The next part deals with computer modelling and analyses of this bogie frame. Strength analyses were performed using the FE method and they were focused on the assessment of stresses in the frame structure. Loads definition and the method of calculation were based on valid norms and standards.

The paper deals with the issue of delays of public transport vehicles at the signal controlled junctions. Based on the road traffic survey results, the average values of vehicle delays were determined. By using those values, it is possible to define time savings for the vehicles and mainly for passengers that are transported. The time savings were determined based on the relationships and coefficients defined in this paper.

This article deals with the design and practical realization of a CNC device designed for the application of viscous materials, such as a thermal conducting paste. Nowadays, growing trend of usage of electronic circuits in transportation systems is observed. Switched mode power supplies are widely used in all types of means of transport and their infrastructure. For correct operation of power converters, produced heat must be dissipated. Thermal conducting paste is used for better heat dissipating but its application on surface can be an issue. Designed CNC device serves for easier and more accurate application in production process in transport industry.

The main topic of the submitted paper is intelligent logistics and its integration into production systems. In the beginning, the problem that lies in the inadequate knowledge of the internal state has been defined. The new society-wide trends that will originate in a few years are also outlined. Those trends will affect factories and their logistics systems on a large scale. Therefore, it is necessary to have a strategy that takes these new trends into consideration. In this manuscript, is described a strategy for intelligent production systems, as well as technologies for different types of production-logistic strategies. Many of these technologies can be applied together with the Digital Twin. The Digital Twin is a new concept in the field of designing production and logistics systems in the factory. Finally, we provide a description of the implementation of the Digital Twin into the production and logistics system.

The aim of this paper was to determine the effect of surface roughness of cavitation generators made from two different materials: P265GH steel, with a ferritic-pearlitic structure, and X2CrNi18-9 (304L) steel with an austenitic structure on the mass loss and cavitation wear. Cavitation generators were tested in the conditions of cavitation wear environment continuously for 500 PMHs in a specially designed and constructed author's stream and flow device. Based on the carried out experiments was confirmed that the highest mass loss - 0.1752 g is seen for a sample of P265GH steel wet sanded with paper with the grain size of 1000. The smallest mass loss was recorded for the cavitation generator made of X2CrNi18-9 (304L) steel, sanded with sandpaper with the grain size of 2500. Certainly, the smallest number of cavitation wear effects was found for a cavitation generator made of austenitic steel X2CrNi18-9 (304L). Few places were identified based on macroscopic photographs, especially near the edges of the straight-through openings, but their number was much smaller than for the ferritic-pearlitic steel, which is associated most of all with the properties of austenitic chromium - nickel steel.

Developing the structure of geodatabase and knowledge base to provide quantitative mapping of land suitability for cultivation the main crops has been shown in the research. The general model and catalogs of knowledge base were designed that are structuring and formalizing information for creating thematic and complex maps and geomodels. The real world spatial problems give rise to multi-criteria decision-making based on geographical information systems (GIS). The GIS environment provides both aggregation and spatial analysis of various georeferenced data. In this paper, the two approaches of multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) are represented - overlaying with the AND operation and the lowest score assignment on one criterion. An example of multi-attribute decision analysis is done using criteria for the crop suitability assessment. A comparison of those two approaches has been made, based on results of the land-use suitability mapping for the study crops - winter wheat, sunflower and corn. The results demonstrated that at certain locations, a range of criteria values, according to the AND operations had the lower applicability and less flexibility than according to the second approach, based on the lowest score assignment on one criterion. Designed maps characterize the threshold status of the soil quality to provide yields of studied crops on certain areas. A set of land suitability maps, designed as quantitative models of integration of environmental, soil and climatic conditions, would be very effective to manage the complex decisions under the crop cultivation.

This paper analyses the destructive and non-destructive methods for checking the degree of compaction of asphalt layers and their multi-criteria evaluation. The data obtained during laying of ACO 11+50 mm thickness was selected for the analysis. The bulk density was determined by using probes Troxler 3440, Troxler 2701 and from the drill cores in these given locations. According to the analysis accuracy, the probe Troxler 2701 used to determine the final degree of compaction of the construction asphalt layer and for the routine control of compaction is not suitable, even though when applying AHP (Analytic Hierarch Process) it was assessed as the second most suitable one.

Understanding the term hacking as any unconventional way of interacting with some system it is easy to conclude that there are enormous number of people who hacked or tried to hack someone or something. The article, as result of author research, analyses hacking from different points of view, including hacker's point of view as well as the defender's point of view. Here are discussed questions like: Who are the hackers? Why do people hack? Law aspects of hacking, as well as some economic issues connected with hacking. At the end, some questions about victim protection are discussed together with the weakness that hackers can use for their own protection. The aim of the article is to make readers familiar with the possible risks of hacker's attacks on the mobile phones and on possible attacks in the announced flood of the internet of things (next IoT) devices.

Conveyor belts with woven plastic belts, aimed for general applications, are very economical transporting means for longer distances. During the operation, the conveyor belts are subjected to various mechanical loadings. The consequences of those loadings are increased stretching of the belt and change of its tensile strength, which negatively affect the proper functioning of the transporter. To avoid the irregularities in the conveyor belt's operation, the tensile properties of the two plastic woven belts were tested (maximal force, maximal extension, breaking force and extension at break). In that way the conditions of the two belts were established. Based on performed experiments the belt that is more suitable for application in the transporter was defined.